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Most people struggle to answer the question,

"What is Bitcoin?," because there are so many different ways to respond.

First, Bitcoin is considered the first and the most widely used cryptocurrency.

A cryptocurrency is a completely digital, decentralized currency that is built using

principles of computer science, cryptography, and economics.

The term "Bitcoin" refers to the protocol governing this currency.

Second, bitcoin lowercase refers to the actual units of currency.

A Bitcoin user will say that they have a certain amount of bitcoins, similar to how we say

we have a certain amount of dollars when referring to the US Dollar.

Third, Bitcoin is the inspiration for the blockchain, which is the underlying data structure

of this cryptocurrency.

A data structure is a virtual format for organizing, retrieving, and storing information.

The Bitcoin blockchain in particular stores a permanent history of all transactions to

ever occur in the history of Bitcoin.

It is an append-only ledger, meaning that any information added to the ledger cannot

be deleted.

But most importantly, Bitcoin is a cultural revolution.

Rooted in ideals from Cypherpunks and libertarians, Bitcoin represents a shift towards privacy

and decentralization.

This cryptocurrency is not backed by any central organization, government, or company.

Instead, Bitcoin is built by the users, for the users.

As we said, Bitcoin was inspired by the Cypherpunk Movement

of the late 80s.

Cypherpunks advocate for the protection of privacy using cryptography.

They don't trust governments, corporations, or large organizations to respect privacy.

These points of centralization accumulate a great deal of power over society by collecting

unimaginable amounts of information from millions of users.

And the Cypherpunks were some of the first to be concerned about central entities stripping

away the freedom of the general public.

One massive point of centralization in modern day society is the financial system, where:

banks govern the economies of entire countries.

Several different companies and researchers attempted to make a decentralized or anonymous

currency, but all of them failed.

Bitcoin was the first technology to succeed as a cryptocurrency.

The Bitcoin whitepaper, or research paper, was published in October 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto.

The whitepaper was a 9-page, concise proposal for the structure and function of a peer-to-peer

electronic currency.

Satoshi Nakamoto is a pseudonym, or a false identity, of an individual or a group of individuals.

No one knows their real identity. However, what's important is that

this whitepaper envisioned a currency where users do not rely on financial intermediaries

or trust anyone in order to make transactions with each other.

In Bitcoin, users do not need to use their real world identities; instead, they are represented

by addresses, strings of random letters and numbers.

Bitcoin takes control out of the hands of third parties and gives users the freedom

to transact while protecting their privacy.

So how does Bitcoin do it? On a high level, the Bitcoin network validates transactions and stores the entire transaction history.

The Bitcoin network is a group of users communicating with each other as part of the Bitcoin protocol.

This network serves as the substitute for the central bank and must have certain properties

to function correctly.

Bitcoin is trying to create an open, accessible

cryptocurrency not subject to censorship or centralization.

But what are the problems?

Keep in mind the problems of trying to create an open, accessible cryptocurrency not subject

to censorship or centralization:

there are no central parties to ask for information about user accounts, and there are no central

parties to kick out or censor malicious users.

Decentralized networks generally suffer from these problems, leading to inconsistencies

between parties and malicious messages infecting the network.

The most popular attack is known as the double spending attack, an attack where some value

is used for more than it i's worth.

In real life, it's easy to prevent double spending: since dollar bills can't be copied

and pasted.

However, in digital currencies, there needs to be assurance that the virtual tokens have

not been promised to more than one person.

Bitcoin as a technology is trying to solve a very specific problem in the realm of distributed

systems: when any "node," or computer within the network, can come and leave as

it pleases and behave however it likes.

There are enormous possibilities for failures given the complete removal of centralization,

which is why there were so so many Bitcoin's predecessors to Bitcoin which failed.

So how does bitcoin solve these problems?

Bitcoin solves these problem through two things:

First, the blockchain, and the Proof-of-Work consensus protocol, both of which are Satoshi

Nakamoto's most popular and influential innovations.

Because of these two things, anyone with access to internet and a computer can join the Bitcoin

Network.

There are no banks or any equivalent of the Federal Reserve on the Bitcoin Network.

Instead, everyone can verify and audit the transaction history on their own.

And even the creation of money is decided not by a central authority, but through the

process of mining, of Proof-of-Work.

For more infomation >> [CS198.1x Week 1] What is Bitcoin? - Duration: 6:39.

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What came out before the Big Bang? - Duration: 6:41.

hey guys this is space train you are Dan Lee expressed till the edge of this

space and today we will talk about what came before the Big Bang grab your

ticket and let's go

don't forget to subscribe to get unlimited pass on our expedition

before there were humans dinosaurs walked the earth before there was an

earth there was just a big cloud of gas and dust floating out in the universe

before there was a universe well before that is a point that physicists spill a

lot of ink over we don't know what happened before the Big Bang gave birth

to the universe but the smartest people in science have plenty of fascinating

theories the ideas differ sometimes wildly but they all pretty much agree

that the Big Bang at least happens if you want to see more about Big Bang

Theory check our other video how did the universe begin you can find link down

below so the Big Bang Theory says that our universe began as a point of

infinite gravity and density called a singularity then in a trillionth of a

trillionth of a trillionth of a second it exploded outward doubling and

redoubling and red doubling in size at a rate faster than the speed of light in a

phenomenon physicists call inflation ordinarily nothing can go faster than

the speed of light this was an expansion of space itself though so it allowed to

bend the rules so the Big Bang happened one thing led to another and now you're

here but we're concerned with everything that happened before that what caused

that singularity in the first place for an explanation to have staying power it

needs to solve a few problems physicists have been puzzling over the biggest one

the universe has surprisingly low entropy a technical term for disorder an

ice cube has low entropy for example because the water molecule

and that are arranged in an orderly way once that ice melts those molecules are

going to spontaneously reform themselves into a cube everything goes in the

direction of disorder never the reverse but if that's the case the universe

should be a uniform distribution of disorganized subatomic particles

how did atoms ever form molecules how did clouds of gas and dust form stars

and planets and galaxies the only explanation is that the universe had

even lower entropy at its birth than it does today but how here are a few of the

leading contenders for what happened before the Big Bang number one an

earlier universe collapsed into the singularity that started our own this

idea known as the Big Bounce was first proposed in the 1960s by Princeton

researchers Robert dick and James Peebles some proponents of the idea say

that our universe is infinite going through a never-ending cycle of collapse

and expansion and that means we're just waiting for another collapse

critics say the principles of entropy don't allow a universe to collapse into

a singularity and out again and proponents admit it would require some

new physics to make sense but as we will see so do many other pre Big Bang

Theory's number two the universe was hibernating until something set it in

motion this idea says that the pre Big Bang universe was a small flat

high-pressure space that was metastable or stable until it found an even more

stable state the way a house of cards might sit perfectly solid forever until

a breeze came through at some point that breeze did come through he stopped being

metastable inflating into the universe we know this theory doesn't break the

laws of entropy but it doesn't explain entropies issues with our current

universe either number three there was never a singularity instead all the

energy in the universe was bound in the fabric of space known as the inflation

hypothesis this idea says that fluctuations in this so-called inflaton

field led to a huge swell of energy in one patch of the

field which made it expand incredibly quickly that exponential growth spurt

would leave evidence behind in the form of primordial gravitational waves not

the big ones discovered by LIGO in 2015 but tiny imprints in the Cosmic

Microwave Background in other projects including the bicep2 experiment have

been searching for we may not have found evidence for this one yet but most

cosmologists think it does the best job of explaining the universe's low entropy

along with a few other cosmic quirks number four we are just one universe in

the multiverse this theory is an offshoot of the inflation hypothesis and

says that the elements that lead to inflation also lead to the creation of a

bunch of smaller low entropy universes unfortunately all of those universes

would be closed off from one another so we never be able to detect them

that's unsatisfying to some scientists for obvious reasons scientists think the

Big Bang is an idea that does a good job of describing the history of the

universe however the idea is not perfect we don't know why the universe expanded

so quickly in the first second and then slowed down we don't know why the

expansion of the universe is speeding up now we don't know why we have a certain

number of forces that control the universe and we don't know what started

the Big Bang it will take some time before we will find out answers or

someone will come out with a better explanation of creation but for now it's

best theory we have and best explanation of time before the Big Bang is that

there was nothing at all but came something start from nothing let's

figure out that in our next video and don't forget to comment what do you

think what was there before Big Bang there are lots of questions left so

don't space out and live some space in your brain for answers I hope you

enjoyed this video if you want to see more subscribe and click the bell button

to get notifications on our latest videos if you are still here grab your

knowledge and get out of my train

For more infomation >> What came out before the Big Bang? - Duration: 6:41.

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Salah was given a rather bizarre gift by female Liverpool fan at full-time last night - Duration: 3:27.

 Mohamed Salah didn't just break a Liverpool record on Wednesday night, he smashed it

 The Egyptian - who scored a brace during the 4-0 win over Red Star Belgrade - became the fastest player to score 50 goals for the Reds, beating the previous record set by Albert Stubbins back in the late 1940s by twelve games

 Is the Salah who scored 44 goals last season finally back?  Many fans and pundits were questioning Salah earlier this season after his slow start to the campaign

 But with three goals in his last two matches, Salah has certainly silenced a few critics

 One man that didn't have any doubts about his ability during his barren run was his manager Jurgen Klopp

 "The first goal he scored was genius little link-up play from Shaq, I don't know how he did that!" Klopp said of the Egyptian

"And that's it. It's good that we can maybe stop talking about [Salah's form).   "I was not in doubt, he was not in doubt, but if you are constantly asked about it then it's like something obviously is wrong, or people are not happy

"  While it was a record-breaking night for Salah, he was also involved in an odd exchange with a Liverpool fan at full-time

 The Liverpool fan held a sign that read: "I've come from Egypt for you, Salah."  And despite being substituted in the second-half, Salah went over to the fan and gave her his shirt

 But Salah also received something in return.  He looked confused at the gift - but what was it?  Well, according to the Daily Mail, it was a £42 box of Thornton chocolates

 How sweet.  Maybe it was a present for becoming the fastest Liverpool player to reach 50 goals

 Upon breaking the record, Salah admitted that he was "proud" of his achievements but insisted he was just glad the team earned all three points

 "That's great. I'm happy to score my 50th goal for Liverpool. I'm very proud about that," Salah said

 "It was an important game. We knew before the game that it was going to be tough

The most important thing for us is the three points - we are doing well now."  Do YOU want to write for GiveMeSport? Get started today by signing-up and submitting an article HERE: https://www

givemesport.com/writeforgms

For more infomation >> Salah was given a rather bizarre gift by female Liverpool fan at full-time last night - Duration: 3:27.

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Arsenal fans are loving what Matteo Guendouzi did before the Liverpool game - Duration: 1:50.

 Matteo Guendouzi is already a popular figure amongst Arsenal fans following his superb start to life in north London this season

 The French teenager arrived in the summer as the least heralded of the club's signings but immediately made a name for himself with some impressive performances in pre-season

 And he then took that early form into the Premier League campaign and was voted the club's player of the month for August after a series of excellent performances

 Unfortunately the red card he was shown against Blackpool in midweek ruled him out of featuring against Liverpool on Saturday night at the Emirates, but Guendouzi was determined to enjoy himself anyway

 So instead of hiding away before the game, he took a walk around the Emirates with some friends and even stopped to chat with several fans outside the ground

 And as you can imagine, that was very well received by those who spotted the midfielder ahead of kick-off

Here's a selection of what was said on social media. Keep up to date with the latest news, features and exclusives from football

london via the free football.london app for iPhone and Android. Available to download from the App Store and Google Play

For more infomation >> Arsenal fans are loving what Matteo Guendouzi did before the Liverpool game - Duration: 1:50.

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Who was Michael Dertouzos? Everything You need to know about professor Michael Dertouzos. - Duration: 2:36.

Who was Michael Dertouzos?

Everything You need to know about professor Michael Dertouzos.

He was a computer scientist who foresaw how the internet would impact the lives of everyday

people, Dertouzos predicted the popularity of personal computers and helped to maximize

their potential as director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Laboratory for

Computer Science.

Born in Athens, Greece on this day in 1936, Dertouzos was the son of a concert pianist

and an admiral in the Greek navy.

Upon graduation from Athens College, he attended the University of Arkansas on a Fulbright

Scholarship and earned a Ph.D. from MIT, joining the faculty in 1968.

Under Dertouzos' guidance, the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science grew into a thriving

research center employing hundreds of people collaborating on innovations like distributed

systems, time-sharing computers, the ArpaNet, and RSA encryption, an algorithm used to ensure

secure data transmission.

Dertouzos worked to make LCS the North American home of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C),

an alliance of companies promoting the Web's evolution and interconnectivity.

Dertouzos recruited Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, to run

it.

As early as 1980, Dertouzos was writing about "The Information Marketplace" a concept

that he expanded on in his book 1997 book What Will Be: How the New World of Information

Will Change Our Lives.

"If we strip the hype away," he observed, "a simple, crisp and inevitable picture

emerges -- of an Information Marketplace where people and their computers will buy, sell

and freely exchange information and information work."

Insisting on the importance of bringing "technology into our lives, and not vice versa," Dertouzos

spurred LCS to head up the 1999 Oxygen project in partnership with MIT's Artificial Intelligence

Lab.

The goal of this massive project was to make computers "as natural a part of our environment

as the air we breathe."

As reflected in the title of his final book, The Unfinished Revolution: Human-Centered

Computers and What They Can Do For Us, Dertouzos' belief in technology was always grounded in

his desire to unleash the full potential of humanity.

For more infomation >> Who was Michael Dertouzos? Everything You need to know about professor Michael Dertouzos. - Duration: 2:36.

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Why Eddie Howe is good enough for Premier League big six - Duration: 4:53.

Bournemouth started with more zip, intensity and direction than Manchester United

But when United matched their intensity in the second half, it was Jose Mourinho rather than Eddie Howe who had the better individual quality to win the game

Alexis Sanchez was a real threat and Marcus Rashford made his point by coming off the bench to score

That's the big dilemma for Eddie, one of the brightest young coaches in world football

I am sure he's totally sincere in his love for Bournemouth, but the reality is there will always be a ceiling as to what he can achieve there, and in my view he's good enough to manage any club in the Premier League

Eddie would never advertise himself but it's only normal for a player or manager to be ambitious

He's helped Bournemouth progress every season in the Premier League and it's only a matter of time before he gets a new kind of offer

If I was a Spurs fan and Mauricio Pochettino left, I wouldn't mind having Eddie as the next man in

He has a lot of the same qualities that Poch has, including the development of younger players

In reality, would a club the size of Manchester United ever go for a younger coach without European experience? I don't know, but I don't have any doubts about his attributes

Look at what he's achieved, season after season, and what was on show against United

He leads a team of high intensity, who have a work ethic that's hard to maintain over a long period of time

He makes individuals better and a team better collectively.David Brooks played No 10 on Saturday and looked a super talent

Others like Steve Cook, Charlie Daniels, Simon Francis have helped Bournemouth reach the top flight, and they've since shown they belong there under Howe's guidance

Bournemouth are fearless, they try to win games even against the biggest clubs like United, and showed good variation in play

Not a one-trick pony.I like Howe's personality as well.He's very humble and respectful of other managers

Modern players seem to respond better to a manager who conducts himself in a calm and reasonable way

I am sure he can make himself understood at times but it's not like he's a shouter as a default position

When will he move on? I don't know but football can move forward very quickly.Every club - United, Manchester City, Chelsea, Arsenal, Liverpool, Spurs - should be aware of his progress

Every managerial appointment is a risk to some extent but if I supported any of those clubs, I wouldn't be disappointed to have Eddie leading the team out

For more infomation >> Why Eddie Howe is good enough for Premier League big six - Duration: 4:53.

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I asked what your 'why' is — here's my why - Duration: 5:59.

I did a video a couple of weeks ago, asking you what is your "why"?

Because having a why — a sense of purpose — is really important.

You need to know your why.

And if you didn't happen to see that video, I'll post a link to it at the end of this

video.

But as a result of that I was talking with a woman about that, and in the course of that

conversation, she asked me, what is my why?

And I thought, what a great question.

I've been doing these video for a while now, and I've done more than 70 of them,

and yet I have never talked about that.

So today, I want to introduce you to my why.

Carla Dearing.

My mother.

The woman whose memory inspires everything I do to try to help people with cognitive

loss.

Hi, I'm Tony Dearing of GoCogno.com, the website for people with mild cognitive impairment.

So I want to talk to you today about how I came to begin writing about cognitive impairment,

and I want to be very candid in saying that it was a journey that began from a place of

complete ignorance and profound sorrow.

It began with the death of my mother.

I've been thinking about her a lot lately because we're coming up on the fourth anniversary

of her passing away.

She was a remarkable woman.

She was a great mother.

She was a very successful businesswoman.

And she was a tireless community servant.

In fact, her whole life was devoted to service to other people.

You know, some people want to help, so they volunteer at the food bank.

Some people want to do a little more, so they might serve on the board of the food bank.

My mother founded the food bank.

She said, there are people going hungry in our community, we need to feed them, we don't

have a food bank, so she started it.

So when a woman that brilliant and that accomplished begins to slip, you see it.

There was something wrong with mom.

And we all watched it, and we watched it in dread and fear, hoping it wasn't what we thought

it was, but it was what we though it was, and she went through a long, agonizing period

of cognitive decline, she was diagnosed with a fairly uncommon form of dementia called

frontotemporal degeneration, and on December 7, 2014, she passed away.

I handled it, all of it, so poorly.

I knew nothing about brain health or dementia, and I was in denial.

I let that lack of knowledge and that fear paralyze me.

And after she passed away, I knew I had failed her.

I knew there was so much more that I could and should have done.

And every day for about six months after her death, I beat myself up.

And then one day, I just said, enough.

Something good has to come out of the loss of such a wonderful, brilliant woman.

And that day, I resolved that I was going to learn everything I could possibly learn

about brain health and cognition, and share it with anybody who might possibly benefit

from that information.

AS a journalist, I'm in a unique position to do that.

Whatever it is I want to know about, I can call the top expert in the country and talk

to them, and gain their knowledge and share their knowledge with you.

So that's what I do, on my website, and in my weekly brain health email, and in these

videos that I do every week.

So that's my why.

That's my purpose in life.

Every word I write is penned in the memory of my mother.

She's not here any more, but she's still here.

And in all the work I do, I feel her looking down on me, and I know approves.

So thank you for joining me today, and I'll be back next week to do what it is that I

do, which is to share with you scientifically proven information which you can use right

now, today, to give you the best possible chance of slowing cognitive decline, or perhaps

even halting it or reversing it.

I appreciate you listening to my why today, and I encourage you to find your own why.

If you didn't happen to see my video last week, I welcome you to watch it now, and you

can do that by clicking on that box up in the corner there.

I'll see you again next week.

Until then, as always, be kind to your mind.

For more infomation >> I asked what your 'why' is — here's my why - Duration: 5:59.

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WHAT IS THIS? Creepy basement find! HAUNTED?!?! Serious! - Duration: 1:45.

Hey folks! BalanR here. This is gonna be a bit of a WTF video because I found

something in my basement this morning and I don't know what it is so I'm asking,

putting it out there, to see if anyone can help me. So I came down this morning

and I was moving this trunk and there was this sticky substance on it and it

was running down the top, running down the sides, and then there was a pool or a

couple pools on the floor, one of which I've already cleaned up. And it smells

like honey. I'm here in Massachusetts and I was looking online

to try and figure out what this could possibly be. I used a laser pointer to

shine it up to the ceiling and all I found were these little pods in between

the rafters, but I don't see any drip drippings coming from either side of

them. Then I found another spot over on the floor a few feet away. Anyway, if

you have any idea what this is, or what it could be from, I'd really appreciate your

help. Oh and ironically last night my other

half and I were watching the new Netflix original series "Haunted," which i think is

a little suspect, but if those things are happening to people then I certainly

feel terrible for them. I just found it a strange coincidence that this morning I

would come down and find this honey like substance on the floor and on the trunk.

And our house isn't haunted. Maybe

old, may have bugs, but haunted? I don't think so. Here are a few more pictures

of the pods. They're very small and it's hard to get into that spot because it's

between the rafters and here are a few more pictures of the honey as well.

Let me know what you think. If you can help out. If you have any idea what it is I'd

greatly appreciate it. Thanks so much for watching!