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We've been spending the last 30 years on law enforcement

and trying to get law enforcement to work.

We forgot that we need to do something more imaginative at the same time.

And that's Collective Action.

Collective Action originally was companies getting together, defining similar rules

and trying to enact them and enforce them.

Over time it's become much more complicated

We've tried to involve countries and also civil society.

So many areas of policy require what different people are good at, what government is good

at, what business is good at, what civil society is good at.

Increasingly we have partnerships that produce roads and schools and all sorts of things,

but the partnerships themselves can be subject to corruption.

So we have to use those same ideas of what the business group is good at, which is understanding how

those systems work and where they impinge on business.

So we ask them.

And then civil society sees what is going on in the roads and sees what is going on

in the clinics and schools – we should ask them.

And then take that information together to diagnose ways to move forward.

For me, Collective Action enables companies to do

what none of them could do as an individual company.

Maybe because of the prisoner's dilemma or other reasons,

but Collective Action makes it possible to overcome something that is

critical and important but you can't do on your own.

We think that Collective Action is the only way to tackle corruption in the context of

endemic corruption, because we think that one actor alone is not able to solve the problem

so it's important to bring together different stakeholders.

To bring them together and get out of their silos, because we've noticed that often private

sector and public sector work on anti-corruption but they do it separately.

If we think of the big majority of SMEs in developing countries, we see it's a huge task

that can only be done by different actors to really help SMEs to promote integrity

and implement compliance programmes at the company level.

I think SNC Lavalin has decided that it's no longer just good enough to be

complying with normal regulations.

What we've decided is that we have to go above and beyond in order to stand out and to make

sure that as a company you're sustainable.

So we took a step back and put together an outreach strategy.

This outreach strategy looks at ways to engage in all the regions we operate in, in order

to get the best value for us as a company but also to try and level the playing field

in the areas that we do business.

In order to have a level playing field, you need to have all the relevant actors playing

by the same rules.

And that's where Collective Action can come in.

For more infomation >> What is Collective Action and what is its value in combating corruption? - Duration: 4:00.

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Royal Az - What the Queen told woman who was hurt in Prince Philip crash in full - Duration: 3:25.

 The Queen has sent a private message of support to a woman who was injured in a traffic accident outside Sandringham

 Emma Fairweather, 46, suffered an injured wrist when her car was involved in a collision with Prince Philip's Land Rover Freelander

 Queen Elizabeth has stepped ins to offer her best wishes with the Duke of Edinburgh apparently still yet to get in touch

 Lady-in-waiting Mary Morrison delivered the monarch's "warmest good wishes following the accident" by phone

 Emma told the Daily Mirror that Miss Morrison, 81, left her a voicemail message  The message read in full: "Hello, I'm ringing from Sandringham House

 "The Queen has asked me to telephone you to pass on her warmest good wishes following the accident and Her Majesty is very eager to know how you are and hope that everything is going as well as can be expected

 "We're all thinking of you very much at Sandringham and I'll try you at a later date

 "Unfortunately I've got to go out quite shortly but I hope all is well as can be expected for you

 "Thank you very much indeed. Goodbye."  A senior palace source said: "It is of huge significance the Queen chose Mary Morrison to make the contact

 "Mary is a close friend of the Queen and Her Majesty values her counsel immensely

 "She was given the Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order in the 2013, the highest order of chivalry that the monarch gives personally

 "They are very close and no doubt the Queen would have discussed concerns over the way this whole episode has played out

"  Emma, who turned 46 today, said she had felt "ignored and rejected" by the royals before receiving the message from the Queen

 But she insisted Prince Philip should have taken responsibility to contact her to check she was all right

 She added: "While it's nice the Queen has seen it may be appropriate to ask one of her staff to contact me and wish me well, she wasn't involved in the accident

 "I'm still quite surprised that Prince Philip hasn't felt he wants to contact me and inquire as to how I am

 "Receiving a message from someone else's partner who wasn't involved in the accident is confusing

 "The door is absolutely still open for him to reach out."

For more infomation >> Royal Az - What the Queen told woman who was hurt in Prince Philip crash in full - Duration: 3:25.

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Examining "What Is Academic Writing?" - Duration: 28:10.

For more infomation >> Examining "What Is Academic Writing?" - Duration: 28:10.

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What Was Mercury's Semblance? And How He Can Get it Back! - RWBY Theory - Duration: 10:09.

Hey everyone, long time no RWBY talk!

But I'm back, at least for now, and will probably be making more RWBY videos after

Volume 6 ends.

I wanted to make this theory now since I wanted to get at least one in before we go on our

long hiatus.

So today's RWBY theory video is on our favorite silver haired boy, Mercury Black.

If you've been following along with the RWBY theory videos I have made so far, you

might be noticing a bit of a trend on who the subjects of my videos are...

*coughs*

I'm sorry I can't help myself!

I just find all of these guys interesting, but I'm sure I will diversify my RWBY content

eventually.

And I do want to make another Adam video after well, you know what happened....

I'm totally fine with that theory not being right since what we got is also extremely

intriguing.

But that's a topic for another video!

Today I am talking about Mercury, and the possibilities of what his semblance could

have been.

In Volume 6 Chapter 9 we learn that Mercury used to have a semblance, but it was stolen

from him by his father in order to mold him into the perfect assassin.

That brings up a ton of questions that I would love to discuss.

Mercury is a pretty interesting character in my opinion, and a lot of it is based on

his potential.

I really didn't care too much about him until I listened to absolutely amazing song,

I'm The One, and fully understood the lyrics.

We get a clearer picture of Mercury's life before joining Cinder, and it was pretty easy

to see it was a terrible one.

I'm the one That was born in a nightmare a murderer's

son Got no gun

But I gleam like a blade and I'm harder than iron

He was born in a nightmare to a murderer, and despite not having a traditional weapon

he has become extremely strong.

I'm the one That was ripped from the earth and exposed

to the sun Overrun

By the hate and the beatings defiled by a father

His life before killing his father was defined by the hate and beatings he received from

him.

All we knew without the song was that he murdered his father, who was likely an alcoholic.

But with it, a whole new layer of complexity was added to Mercury's character.

And the episode Lost from Volume 6 not only gave us Mercury confirming these aspects concerning

his childhood, but we learned just how bad it truly was.

As I mentioned before, we learned that Mercury lost his semblance because of his father.

Not only was Mercury beat every day by this man, but he also had the power to take a person's

semblance away.

That is a huge advantage for an assassin, but meant an even worse life for Mercury as

everything was taken away from him.

It's probably unlikely that Marcus could use the powers he stole, as we know Mercury

did end up killing him.

I wanted to quickly bring up the line where Mercury says he has no gun in the song.

Yes, it is true that he doesn't have an actual gun like most of the other characters

in the show since his boots and legs have firing mechanisms.

But I think it would also be interesting if this was referring to him not having a semblance.

Despite not having one, he has still managed to become as strong, and in some cases stronger,

than everyone else.

Now the timeline of events is unclear and I hope they explain this better eventually,

but I'm honestly confused what happened on the night Marcus and Mercury had their

last fight.

Either Marcus forced Mercury into surgery and removed his legs, but while they were

still healing Mercury fought back, which would explain the blood.

Or their fight messed Merc's legs up so much that the needed to be removed.

I'm guessing it is the former, since he already had bandages on them, meaning they

were likely just removed, yet Mercury was still able to defeat his father.

His father took everything- his semblance, his legs, and most importantly, a chance at

a normal life.

Mercury believes there is no other possible life for him other than serving under Salem.

It does not appear he actually truly enjoys what he does, but killing is all he has ever

known, so he sees no reason to leave.

So now that I gave a bit of a recap on what we know about Mercury, let's talk about

everything that we should take into account when thinking about what his semblance could

be, and what it means to have your semblance taken from you.

The most obvious source of inspiration to look for regarding his semblance is the character

he is based off of.

And for Mecury that is, well, Mercury, the Roman god, also known as Hermes.

Besides his name, Mercury's emblem is literally a shoe with wings on it, which is this god's

symbol.

This god was immortal and had the ability to run at very fast speeds, as well as fly.

In addition, Mercury is the patron god of thieves, which is very ironic the character

in RWBY based off of him got his semblance stolen from him.

So, while speed would definitely have been a good choice for Mercury's semblance, Ruby

basically has that covered since hers is literally called speed.

I do think him having the ability to fly in some ways would be a good option.

This would work with his allusion very well.

And to reference I'm the One again, we learn that he was ripped from the earth and exposed

to the sun.

This sounds like the story of Icarus, who was given wings but flying too close to the

sun caused them to dissolve and he fell into the ocean and drowned.

In Mercury's case, that would parallel his father taking his semblance and causing him

even more misery.

His wings were clipped the moment he learned to fly, which is simply terrible.

Also, something interesting I found while looking for stuff about Hermes is that in

the game God of War 3, the character you play as, Kratos, fights Hermes and removes his

boots by cutting his legs off.

Sound familiar?

Perhaps that was part of the inspiration for Mercury no longer having natural legs.

For the god, it was these sandals that gave him the ability to go fast and fly.

I'm sure that symbolism was intentional since Mercury's legs were taken away.

Yet, at least according to Mercury, Marcus could have given him his semblance back.

So, I don't think him losing his legs removed his semblance, but Marcus wanted to reinforce

the point that his son was weak, and thought this would make him stronger.

Flight would have given Mercury the freedom he needed to get away from his father and

escape his life of abuse.

So Mercury having the ability to fly is a very good option, but maybe it could have

been teleportation since in some ways that is similar to being very fast.

But his father said his semblance made him weak and was a crutch.

What kind of semblance would an assassin not appreciate?

Surely flight or any of these other options would be a huge advantage.

Often times a semblance gives a way for a character to survive in a situation that would

have otherwise killed them and shows their motivations in life.

Without the ability to mask his emotions from Grimm, Ren would have not have survived the

Grimm attack.

And despite Nora explaining how she found her semblance in a very comedic fashion, being

struck by lightning likely would have killed her had it not made her unlock her semblance.

For Yang we see that she can take whatever pain an enemy gives her and uses it to make

herself stronger.

As a child she never knew her birth mother, and lost the one she called mom at an early

age.

She has been through a lot in life as people constantly underestimate her and are quick

to judge.

But by overcoming all of this, it's a reflection of her semblance.

And for one final example we have Adam's semblance which is like Yang's but he is

lucky enough where he doesn't have to feel pain to hurt others with his semblance.

Most likely there was some event that caused him so much pain, his aura made it so that

he would never have to be hurt again.

Of course, the talk about Adam is for another day.

With all that in mind, Mercury's semblance was more likely than not something that could

protect against the beatings of his father.

Maybe it could make people freeze in place, or slow them down significantly.

Or it could have been something more defensive like a shield.

Perhaps he could become intangible or gained a liquid form, kind of like how the element

mercury is liquid at room temperature.

Or he could simply become invisible.

But who knows, maybe it was just super speed and I am thinking about this too hard.

Finally, I would like to discuss what it means for Mercury to have his semblance taken from

him, or I suppose for any person in RWBY.

As we have learned, a semblance is a more tangible projection of one's aura.

Aura, for those that may have forgot, is basically a shield created by the soul, and as I have

stated before a semblance seems to be the body's way of protecting an individual in

a way that matches their personality traits.

It is clear that Mercury still has aura, even with his semblance being taken from him, or

else he must have some other magical way of protecting himself from all the damage he

has taken.

So that means a semblance can be removed from a person's aura yet the aura stays intact.

There's no clear distinction between the two, yet we now know it is possible.

But with all this considered, it doesn't make sense that one can completely remove a semblance.

These two things are so tied together I don't know how one can be removed without the other

also being removed.

That's why I am inclined to believe that Marcus simply sealed Mercury's semblance

away.

After all, we don't know the specifics of Marcus's power.

And, with that, he is the only one who could easily open it back up.

But maybe I am wrong and it was in fact legitimately stolen, and Mercury now no longer has the

possibility of getting it back.

But regardless, the loss of a semblance can be equated to losing a part of your soul.

And sometimes the depiction of losing a soul is equated to losing a moral compass.

These people begin to lack empathy and have little issue with hurting others.

I have no idea if this would be an actual reason for why Mercury acts the way he does,

or if this is just the result of him living in the mountains with his abusive father for

most of his life.

Or maybe I'm just thinking too deep about it...

Because let's face it- he's not the most interesting character.

For the most part, he has just kind of been there.

Like I said, I didn't really care about him, besides his design and his unique fighting

style, until I listened to I'm the One.

But I know he has potential to become a very interesting character, and the development

given to him in Volume 6 is a good start.

So one question remains, can Merc get his semblance back?

I want to say yes, because it would be cool to see it again and could be the key to him

getting redeemed.

Or, as much as I don't want to say it, it is very possible that he will never get it

back, since we don't know of any sort of magic or ability that could give it back to

him.

Yet since it took this long for the audience to learn about this aspect of him, I do not

imagine that he is super motivated to try and get it back, likely because he doesn't

think it's possible.

I'm not sure what is in store for Mercury's future.

Like I said I am hoping he does get a redemption of some sort along with Emerald and potentially

Hazel.

And I hope he gets his semblance back, but that may just be wishful thinking.

Now I have been talking about Mercury for a long time now and he's a pretty minor

character, so I think it's time to end this video.

But what do you think?

What was Merc's semblance?

Do you think he will get it back, and will he ever be redeemed?

Let me know in the comments section, and if you enjoyed this video, make sure to subscribe

and check out my theory video I made about Jaune!

It's a bit outdated but a lot of questions about his ancestors still remain.

And if you want to talk to me and a bunch more RWBY fans, consider joining our discord!

Once you join make sure to ask a mod for the role to be able to access the RWBY chat.

Finally if you'd like to help support the channel, consider joining our CU Amino fan

club, or become a patron!

Hopefully I get to do another RWBY video in the next few months but until then, have an

animated day!

For more infomation >> What Was Mercury's Semblance? And How He Can Get it Back! - RWBY Theory - Duration: 10:09.

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Lucas Torreira: You'll never guess what Arsenal ace was drinking during win over Chelsea - Duration: 2:29.

 Arsenal put in a brilliant performance to see off Chelsea 2-0 at the Emirates last night

 Goals from Alexandre Lacazette and Laurent Koscielny were enough for the Gunners to seal victory in a dominant display against their London rivals

 Unai Emery's side have now moved within four points of Chelsea as they look to secure a top four finish and Champions League qualification

 Lucas Torreira played a key role in the win as he and fellow midfielders Granit Xhaka and Matteo Guendouzi dominated their opponents

 The Uruguayan is a fan favourite at the Emirates thanks to his all-action approach, winning over plenty of new supporters since his summer move from Sampdoria

 However, Torreira required a bit of a helping hand from an unexpected source after going down with cramp in the second half of yesterday's Premier League clash

 The 22-year-old was seen having his leg stretched out by Sokratis Papastathopoulos before being aided by a member of the Arsenal medical staff

 Torreira was spotted drinking from a bottle labelled 'Pickle Juice', before spitting some of the contents all over the pitch

 Pickle juice has contains properties that are extremely beneficial during and after exercise, with it being able to relieve muscle cramps far more effectively than water

 The vinegar in the juice can help with rapid pain relief while the high sodium content in the drink helps recover electrolytes and stay hydrated

 There are a host of other benefits to drinking pickle juice, although the taste is not one of them – judging by Torreira's reaction

 Maybe it won't be too long until we see bottles of the stuff in every Premier League physio's armoury of treatments?

For more infomation >> Lucas Torreira: You'll never guess what Arsenal ace was drinking during win over Chelsea - Duration: 2:29.

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What If Steve Jobs Was Still Alive? - Duration: 4:16.

Steve jobs, co-founder of apple inc, died on October 5th 2011.

When he passed away, he left behind a legendary tech empire.

He is credited with being the pioneer of the microcomputer revolution that took place in

the 70s and 80s.

Our world would be a very different place if he had never been born, and It would also

be a very different place if he were still alive today.

Today, life's biggest questions asks, what if steve jobs were alive today.

Hello and welcome back to Life's Biggest questions.

I'm your host, charlotte dobre.

Smash those like and subscribe buttons along with the notification bell.

Before I get into this video, tell us in the comments below what kind of phone you have,

and don't forget to get into heated arguments about which is better.

Like you needed a reminder, amirite.

One thing that would undoubtedly be different if Steve jobs were still alive is the size

of iPhones.

One of Steve Jobs believed he had figured out the perfect length for iPhones, 3.5 inches.

The whole point of the 3.5 inches is that it fits perfectly in your hand, your thumb

can reach the other side of the screen.

But have you ever tried to hold an iPhone 6,7,or 8 plus in your hand?

Its huge!

At 6 inches in length, You can barely type with one hand.

I've got a 7 plus and I definitely miss the good old days where you only needed your

thumb to be able to text.

If steve jobs were still alive, he would have kept the iPhone at a length of 3.5 inches

and instead found ways to make it more compact.

And by the way, steve jobs would have hated the iPhone 5c. that iPhone was a failure for

a reason.

First of all, he would not have been down for the colors, the plastic…any of it.

There is no way Steve jobs would have let the 5C exist.

Steve Jobs was famous for his risk taking.

He once said, I've always been attracted to revolutionary changes.

I mean think about the ipod.

It was an mp3 player with a circular click wheel.

How did he even think of that?

Jobs pioneered the idea of a tablet, the Ipad.

Music platforms are modelled off of iTunes.

Since tim cook took over, he hasn't really taken that many risks.

I mean yeah, now we have the apple watch which is an excellent product.

But some of the products that apple has released in the last few years are such an eye roll.

Like air pods.

Don't get me wrong, the fact that there is no annoying cord is amazing.

But the fact that you have to charge airpods by putting them in a case and then also charge

the case?

Ya Steve would have hated that, and would have found a way around it.

And don't even get me started with the no headphone jack thing.

If Steve jobs were alive today, apple would have so many revolutionary, unique products.

Jobs was not the inventor of apple products, but he was the visionary, and he would have

envisioned a remarkable, futuristic world.

Its honestly so difficult to imagine what steve jobs would have envisioned, because

he envisioned things you didn't even know you wanted or needed, things that make lives

much easier.

Think about it.

Iglasses.

I mean Google did it first, but maybe cook would have beat them to it, and made them

better.

Instead of glasses, microcomputer contact lenses, which are being developed by other

companies.

You could be driving to work and in the right-hand corner of your eye, your daily agenda is displayed.

You could take pictures with a blink of an eye, with stunning quality.

Do you sometimes feel like people choose technology like they choose a religion?

You're either an apple guy or a Microsoft guy.

You're either an iPhone user or a Samsung user.

I know there are other phone brands but you get what I mean.

People are very passionate about which tech company they support, especially when it comes

down to something as vital as a smartphone.

If Steve were still around today, the feud between apple, Microsoft and Google would

be even more heated than it currently is, if you can picture that.

Jobs hated Microsoft and Google and that was no secret.

Steve jobs once threatened to go quote 'thermonuclear' on apple's smartphone rival, Google.

Diehard apple fans would likely follow his example.

Since Tim cook took over apple, he's made apple play nice with its competitors.

Apple settled patent lawsuits with Google with minimal damage, it's likely Steve jobs

might not have gone about that feud the same way.

He hated the fact that people copied his ideas, and there would have been a lot of long, bloody

legal battles over them.

Tim Cook and the rest of the team at apple haven't exactly run Jobs' company into

the ground.

Apple is still one of the most profitable tech companies on

the planet.

For more infomation >> What If Steve Jobs Was Still Alive? - Duration: 4:16.

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What Was Life of a Viking Warrior Like? - Duration: 8:35.

There are few more iconic images than that of a mighty Viking warrior, a hulking berserker

with a horned helmet cleaving foes in two with a mighty axe.

But history actually paints a different picture of Vikings than what modern media has romanticized

-- for starters, no Viking ever wore a horned helmet.

And instead of a big, muscle-bound warrior hardened by the frozen north, most Vikings

were actually malnourished.

What other misconceptions about Vikings exist?

Hello and welcome to another episode of The Infographics Show.

Today we're asking, "What was life like for a Viking warrior?"

Life in the Viking age was tough -- really, really tough.

For starters, Vikings inhabited Scandinavia and spread across northern Russia and Europe,

land that was difficult to farm and produced little food.

This meant that despite popular fiction, most of a Viking warrior's life was actually spent

on the farm instead of chopping people's heads off.

This is because if crops weren't planted and harvested, everybody would starve.

It turns out that across much of the ancient world raiding and pillaging was more of a

luxury.

Very few villages could afford for their menfolk to leave for weeks or months on end instead

of minding the farms.

With most Viking villages numbering at their largest from between 15 to 50 households,

Viking communities were tightly knit but maintained pretty low populations.

The difficult land of northern Europe was the Viking warrior's number one foe.

Its low yields meant that Vikings couldn't stock up enough food for the winter to feed

themselves and their livestock, so most livestock was slaughtered every fall right before winter.

There's many things you probably would never have wanted to be throughout history, and

given their incredibly short life expectancy, being a Viking cow should probably be high

on that list.

Labor was split up between men and women, but men had the lion's share of the exterior

or farm work.

Men were needed to tend to the fields, slaughter animals, and prepare the meat for winter storage.

To make things even more difficult, Vikings used wooden plows to tend their fields, which

needed to be replaced every two days.

Metal plows wouldn't be introduced until after the Viking age.

Slaves made up a big part of Viking life, with many slaves taken during raids and traded

or sold as far as North Africa.

Slaves, who were also called thralls, obviously had no rights, and they could be killed without

repercussion.

In fact, during particularly difficult years, slaves may have been slaughtered along with

the livestock if there wasn't enough food to go around for all.

Vikings were not cannibals, though, so at least slaves didn't have to worry about being

eaten.

Above the slaves was the main body of Viking society, the Karls or farmers and craftsmen.

These were the common people of Viking life and lived under the rule of Jarls, who made

up the upper crust of Viking society.

Women did enjoy a greater degree of freedom than in most societies of the time, and in

2017 the discovery of a Viking grave with what was assumed to be a high-ranking female

warrior seemed to indicate that women could even be high-ranking members of the military.

However, doubts about the veracity of the claims that the grave was indeed of a woman

almost immediately arose, and today it seems unlikely that the skeleton discovered inside

and DNA tested was actually that of a warrior.

So perhaps the tales of Viking Shieldmaidens are just that -- tall tales.

Although warfare for men may have been far more infrequent than what we've come to believe,

it was still a part of life for some Vikings.

Living in resource poor lands, raids against much better off and more southern neighbors

necessitated the development of advanced seagoing ships and men to navigate them.

One of the few myths about ancient Vikings that historians do agree on is that they were

accomplished sailors, and they would have needed to be able to navigate the dangerous

waters of the North Atlantic and North Sea.

Despite these stormy and challenging waters, Vikings managed to reach as far west as North

America and as far south as North Africa.

For exploration and warfare, Vikings developed the longship, an iconic vessel consisting

of a large sail and a handcrafted head post on the front of the ship.

Oars helped the ship navigate when there was little or no wind, and they gave the vessel

extra speed when used in conjunction with the ship's sail.

They also included a Viking innovation called a beitass, which was a spar mounted on the

sail that let their ships sail against the wind.

High-ranking Vikings would often be buried along with their ships and with dogs, livestock,

or slaves.

Though far more infrequent than popular culture indicates, raiding and fighting were a part

of Viking life.

Viking custom stated that all free men were required to own weapons and were permitted

to carry them at all times -- a sensible custom given the violent nature of post-Roman Empire

Europe.

Exactly what weapons a Viking owned and carried, though, were indicative of their status within

their society.

Wealthy Vikings often had a complete ensemble of helmet, shield, mail shirt, and a sword,

but poorer Vikings had to make do with shields, spears, and axes.

Swords were actually rarely used in battle, which is likely due to a lack of skilled craftsmen

in Viking society.

Viking swords were mostly ornamental.

They were not sturdy enough for warfare, and they were worn as symbolic or decorative items.

Instead of swords, a Viking would wield a spear and shield, with a seax or large knife

as a sidearm.

Spears were simple to craft and thus plentiful, and they required very little skill to use.

Bows and throwing spears were also weapons of Viking warriors, often used in the opening

moments of combat both on land and at sea.

The Vikings did not have many skilled archers, however.

Bows were seen as less honorable than melee weapons because the average Viking preferred

to get up close to an enemy rather than seem cowardly by striking from afar.

About the one thing that popular culture has gotten right about Viking warriors was their

use of the axe.

Vikings were one of the few ancient societies that featured axes as main battle weapons.

This is again not surprising as axes were also far easier to make than swords and doubled

as farm tools.

However, the Huscarls, an elite guard of king Cnut, preferred to wield large two-handed

axes that would split shields and metal helmets with one blow.

Another Viking myth that has some basis in truth is that of the berserker.

Known as "heathen wolves" or "wolfskins" sometimes due to their affinity for wearing

animal skins, these were warriors who had a deep religious connection to their god Odin,

and they took bears or wolves as their totem animals.

These warriors believed themselves to be endowed with the spirit of their totem animal, fueling

their ferocity in combat.

For centuries, researchers assumed that berserkers achieved their legendary battle rage state

with the aid of toxic mushrooms or other herbs.

However, aspects of berserker life have been well documented in writings and carvings,

and there is no mention of the use of mushrooms or other intoxicants amongst any of them.

Instead, researchers nowadays believe that this battle rage was a psychological state

that berserkers achieved through ritual processes carried out prior to a battle.

Stories of berserkers biting their shields and attacking trees, boulders, and even killing

each other before a battle can be explained by the entering of a self-induced hypnotic

state.

In a dissociative state, berserkers lost control of their actions, which became directed subconsciously,

and people in this state can seem remote, have little awareness of their surroundings,

have reduced awareness of pain, and increased muscle strength.

Critical thinking and normal social inhibitions weaken, leading to the blood-crazed battle

rage of legend.

This condition of psychomotor automatism is also followed by a major emotional catharsis

in the form of exhaustion, often followed by deep sleep.

In effect, a lifetime of brutality let berserkers enter a self-induced hypnotic trance that

made them stronger, resistant to pain, and remorseless in their violence -- a pretty

neat trick to have in the brutal life of ancient Europe.

It turns out that many myths about Viking warriors are exactly that -- myths.

Instead of lumbering men hardened by the Arctic cold, most Vikings suffered from varying degrees

of malnourishment.

Rather than living a life of looting and pillaging, most Vikings lived as traders, craftsmen,

sailors, and farmers whose lives were infrequently punctuated by brief violent skirmishes.

However, at least one myth about Vikings -- the berserker -- was a reality, so hopefully we

haven't ruined Vikings for you completely.

What do you think happened to the ancient Viking berserkers?

Let us know in the comments!

Also, be sure to check out our other video called Why Living On A Submarine Sucks!

And as always don't forget to like, share, and subscribe for more great content!

See you next time!

For more infomation >> What Was Life of a Viking Warrior Like? - Duration: 8:35.

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The Full Video of the MAGA Kids & Indian Drummer Is a Game Changer - Duration: 5:12.

For more infomation >> The Full Video of the MAGA Kids & Indian Drummer Is a Game Changer - Duration: 5:12.

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Meghan Markle Royal - This is what Kate Middleton inherited from the late Princess Diana - Duration: 2:33.

This is what Kate Middleton inherited from the late Princess Diana Today marks the anniversary of the death of Princess Diana, the people's princess

She was an amazing woman, who left two equally amazing sons behind when she passed away

After her death, it was discovered that Princess Diana left her £21 million fortune to her two sons, and her 17 godchildren

In her "letter of wishes", Diana demanded that her two sons had the exclusive rights on all of her beautiful jewellery

"I would like you to divide my personal chattels at your discretion between my sons and godchildren, the division being three quarters to my sons and one quarter to my godchildren

" "But I would like you to allocate all my jewellery to the share to be held by my sons, so that their wives may, in due course, have it or use it

" "I leave the exact division of the jewellery to your discretion." And of course, we know that Kate Middleton has received a number of items from Diana's collection

Kate's engagement ring was Diana's engagement ring, mad up of a large sapphire and smaller diamonds

Kate has worn the Lover's Knot Tiara, which was gifted to Diana from the Queen on her wedding day

After her wedding to Prince William, Kate also inherited a pair of Diana's sapphire earrings, and a pearl bracelet

The beautiful Meghan Markle has also received some of Diana's jewellry. On her wedding day, after the ceremony, Meghan was seen wearing an aquamarine ring once worn by her mother-in-law

I've no doubt that Diana would be very proud of her sons, and their gorgeous wives

For more infomation >> Meghan Markle Royal - This is what Kate Middleton inherited from the late Princess Diana - Duration: 2:33.

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ANSYS-What Is The Role Of Plot Ctrls In ANSYS Softwarewith Audio2|Mechanicalstudents.com - Duration: 10:28.

For more infomation >> ANSYS-What Is The Role Of Plot Ctrls In ANSYS Softwarewith Audio2|Mechanicalstudents.com - Duration: 10:28.

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☀️ Morning Mumbles #2 | What WAS That Stream? (Read Description If Lazy) - Duration: 32:32.

For more infomation >> ☀️ Morning Mumbles #2 | What WAS That Stream? (Read Description If Lazy) - Duration: 32:32.

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SAS: Who Dares Wins hero Tracey defends teardrop tattoo and reveals what was cut from that very pers - Duration: 4:49.

    SAS: Who Dares Wins is packed with wonder women as the series welcomed its first female recruits for the first time ever in 2019

 But none of them stand out quite like Tracey – aka number 20.  The fiercely northern security guard had a much bigger battle on her hands

Physically, she wasn't the strongest, but you can't knock her 'lion heart', as she puts it

 Last week we saw her reach breaking point. She was isolated, her teammates were turning on her and officers Ant Middleton, Matthew Ollerton and Jason Fox had their doubts

 In turn, she was dragged into the officer's headquarters where she opened up about the poignant tear drop tattooed down her face – a marker of 'things that hurt me and hurt my heart.' Tracey defends her teardrop tattoo after SAS: Who Dares Wins criticism (Picture: Channel 4) Tracey witnessed domestic abuse first-hand when she was just seven-years-old and Matthew warned her the ink was simply a reminder of her painful past

Advertisement Advertisement  'I could see my mum with bruises on her and stuff like that, it was hard,' she told viewers

 But to Tracey, that trickle down her face isn't just a reminder of her past: it's a symbol of the strength she's build from surviving

So, no, it's not going anywhere and rightly so.  'It means a lot to me. It represents me – I wear my heart on my sleeve,' Tracey exclusively told Metro.co.uk

 'I'd say my tattoo is strength and not my past. People can perceive it as being scarred for life with pain but I don't actually see it like that – I see strength

 'I see the things I've been through but I always come back fighting and I'm always forever evolving in my life to be a better person; to see myself evolving as a better person

Tracey made history as one of the first female recruits in SAS: Who Dares Wins (Picture: Channel 4) 'That strength was tested like never before last week, when she was purposely handpicked to take charge of a team of recruits carrying a dead-weight log in a race below the snow line of the Las Amenas hills

Leadership wasn't Tracey's expertise, to the annoyance of number five Laura, who aggressively took over

 But trouper soon got her own back when Ant commanded each recruit to pick one of their team mates for a no-holds barred boxing match

Tracey was in her element and there's no prizes for guessing who she picked to pummel

Though, we didn't even see the half of it. Advertisement Advertisement  'On that scene I actually dropped her a few times but they only showed it once,' explained Tracey

'I had to call her out, I had a little grieve with her. More: SAS: Who Dares Wins Horrifying moment SAS Who Dares Wins Louise gets punched in the face during boxing bout SAS: Who Dares Wins recruit reveals real meaning behind teardrop tattoo What time is SAS Who Dares Wins on Channel 4 and who are the contestants? 'It was personal but not to the extreme where you hate someone

I was annoyed that I was command on the log task and I had no help at all and she was telling me to shut up

 'I was a little hard done by so I thought let's get it out in boxing. It is what it is and it stays in that boxing ring.'  Putting their grievances aside, Laura and Tracey are part of a monument team of women, who not only became the first females on SAS: Who Dares Wins, they silenced their critics – including Ant and Jason

 'We've made history!' she deservedly cried. 'It's a very big moment and I'm such a big fan of the show anyway, so to be among the first females in it for the first time, it's amazing

I still can't believe it.'  Tonight, Tracey will be battling the elements, her recruits and Ant Middleton once again when SAS: Who Dares Wins continues at 9pm on Channel 4

Got a showbiz story?  If you've got a story, video or pictures get in touch with the Metro.co.uk Entertainment team by emailing us celebtips@metro.co.uk, calling 020 3615 2145 or by visiting our Submit Stuff page - we'd love to hear from you

 MORE: Horrifying moment SAS Who Dares Wins Louise gets punched in the face in 'brutal' boxing bout  MORE: SAS: Who Dares Wins recruit reveals real meaning behind teardrop tattoo – and it's heartbreaking Advertisement Advertisement