hey guys, welcome to space train.
Today we will discuss, what is a Dark Fluid, that can Dominate the Universe.
It's embarrassing, but astrophysicists are the first to admit it.
Our best theoretical model can only explain 5 percent of the universe.
The remaining 95 percent is famously made up almost entirely of invisible, unknown material
dubbed dark energy and dark matter.
So even though there are a billion trillion stars in the observable universe, they are
actually extremely rare.
The two mysterious dark substances can only be inferred from gravitational effects.
Dark matter may be an invisible material, but it exerts a gravitational force on surrounding
matter that we can measure.
Dark energy is a repulsive force that makes the universe expand at an accelerating rate.
The two have always been treated as separate phenomena.
But new study, published in Astronomy and Astrophysics, suggests they may both be part
of the same strange concept — a single, unified "dark fluid" of negative masses.
Negative masses are a hypothetical form of matter that would have a type of negative
gravity — repelling all other material around them.
Unlike familiar positive mass matter, if a negative mass was pushed, it would accelerate
towards you rather than away from you.
Negative masses are not a new idea in cosmology.
Just like normal matter, negative mass particles would become more spread out as the universe
expands — meaning that their repulsive force would become weaker over time.
However, studies have shown that the force driving the accelerating expansion of the
universe is relentlessly constant.
This inconsistency has previously led researchers to abandon this idea.
If a dark fluid exists, it should not thin out over time.
In the new study, is proposed a modification to Einstein's theory of general relativity
to allow negative masses to not only exist, but to be created continuously.
"Matter creation" was already included in an early alternative theory to the Big Bang,
known as the Steady State model.
The main assumption was that (positive mass) matter was continuously created to replenish
material as the universe expands.
We now know from observational evidence that this is incorrect.
However, that doesn't mean that negative mass matter can't be continuously created.
It shows that this assumed dark fluid is never spread too thinly.
Instead it behaves exactly like dark energy.
Dark matter was introduced to explain the fact that galaxies are spinning much faster
than our models predict.
This implies that some additional invisible matter must be present to prevent them from
spinning themselves apart.
This model show's that the surrounding repulsive force from dark fluid can also hold a galaxy
together.
The gravity from the positive mass galaxy attracts negative masses from all directions,
and as the negative mass fluid comes nearer to the galaxy it in turn exerts a stronger
repulsive force onto the galaxy that allows it to spin at higher speeds without flying
apart.
It therefore appears that a simple minus sign may solve one of the longest standing problems
in physics.
One may argue that this sounds a little far fetched.
But while negative masses are bizarre, they are considerably less strange than you may
immediately think.
For starters, these effects may only seem peculiar and unfamiliar to us, as we reside
in a region dominated by positive mass.
Whether physically real or not, negative masses already have a theoretical role in a vast
number of areas.
Air bubbles in water can be modelled as having a negative mass.
Recent laboratory research has also generated particles that behave exactly as they would
if they had negative mass.
And physicists are already comfortable with the concept of negative energy density.
According to quantum mechanics, empty space is made up of a field of fluctuating background
energy that can be negative in places — giving rise to waves and virtual particles that pop
into and out of existence.
This can even create a tiny force that can be measured in the lab.
The new study could help solve many problems in modern physics.
String theory, which is our best hope for unifying the physics of the quantum world
with Einstein's theory of the cosmos, is currently seen as being incompatible with observational
evidence.
However, string theory does suggest that the energy in empty space must be negative, which
corroborates the theoretical expectations for a negative mass dark fluid.
Moreover, the team behind the groundbreaking discovery of an accelerating universe surprisingly
detected evidence for a negative mass cosmology, but took the reasonable precaution of interpreting
these controversial findings as "unphysical."
The theory could also solve the problem of measuring the universe's expansion.
This is explained by the Hubble-Lemaître Law, the observation that more distant galaxies
are moving away at a faster rate.
The relationship between the speed and the distance of a galaxy is set by the "Hubble
constant," but measurements of it have continued to vary.
This has led to a crisis in cosmology.
Fortunately, a negative mass cosmology mathematically predicts that the Hubble "constant" should
vary over time.
Clearly, there is evidence that this weird and unconventional new theory deserves our
scientific attention.
So Where to go from here.
The creator of the field of cosmology, Albert Einstein, did — along with other scientists
including Stephen Hawking — consider negative masses.
In fact, in 1918 Einstein even wrote that his theory of general relativity may have
to be modified to include them.
Despite these efforts, a negative mass cosmology could be wrong.
The theory seems to provide answers to so many currently open questions that scientists
will — quite rightly — be rather suspicious.
However, it is often the out-of-the-box ideas that provide answers to longstanding problems.
The strong accumulating evidence has now grown to the point that we must consider this unusual
possibility.
The largest telescope to ever be built — the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) — will measure
the distribution of galaxies throughout the history of the universe.
they are planning to use the SKA to compare its observations to theoretical predictions
for both a negative mass cosmology and the standard one — helping to ultimately prove
whether negative masses exist in our reality.
What is clear is that this new theory generates a wealth of new questions.
So as with all scientific discoveries, the adventure does not end here.
In fact, the quest to understand the true nature of this beautiful, unified, and — perhaps
polarised — universe has only just begun.
That's all today, see you next time, don't forget to free up your brain, and stay with
us. because there are lots of interesting subjects we should talk about.
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