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WANG: Hello, and welcome to this YouTube live event sponsored by the Acoustical Society of America

or the ASA. My name is Lily Wang and I'm a professor in the

Durham School of Architectural Engineering Construction and an

associate dean in the college of Engineering at the University of

Nebraska-Lincoln. I'm also the current ASA a

president-elect and I am excited to be the moderator for today's event. It is

April 25th 2018 and we are here to support International Noise Awareness

Day or INAD 2018. INAD was founded in 1996 by the Center of Hearing and Communication

with a goal to raise awareness of the effects of noise on the

health and welfare of individuals and populations worldwide and this year ASA

is excited to be engaging in INAD for the first time. We've been campaigning

over the past month through our website exploresound.org and social media

outlets to grow support for INAD, encouraging people to measure noise at

restaurants with the free iOS app SoundPrint, to watch the recently released

film "In Pursuit of Silence," and to submit questions about noise that we are happy

to address today during this two-hour long YouTube live event. I'm thrilled to

introduce our panel of five experts who will be discussing all things related to

noise today. First let me welcome Dr. Arlene Bronzaft, who is a Professor

Emeritus of the City University of New York and serves on the board of GrowNYC

overseeing its noise activities. Dr. Bronzaft is a researcher, writer and

consultant on the adverse effects of noise on mental and physical health.

Arlene thanks for joining us today. BRONZAFT: Thanks for hosting us today. I am very pleased

to be here today. I was at the first INAD when Nancy and I work to put this together at

the Center for hearing and Communications and so it's delightful

that we're still pursuing the need for a lower decibel level

in our world. I don't know if I should have said "delightful" maybe we should

have accomplished it, but at least we're moving in the right direction. So I am, I

do research, I write, I lecture on the effects of noise, particularly on the

effects of noise on children's learning. WANG: Excellent, Thank you so much. Next we have

Bennett Brooks who is president of Brooks Acoustics Corporation, a

consulting firm that has provided engineering, design, and testing services

in the fields of environmental and industrial noise control, architectural

acoustics, and quiet product design. Welcome Bennett.

BROOKS: Thank you Lily. Glad to be here at this International Noise Awareness Day video conference. Welcome to everyone who's here.

WANG: Thanks. I'm also pleased to introduce William Murphy, a Captain in the United States Public Health Service

Commissioned Corps and Coordinator for the hearing loss prevention cross-sector

for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. He's an

active member of the National Hearing Conservation Association and currently

the chair of the ASA's Technical Committee for Noise so thanks for being

here Bill. MURPHY: thanks for having me I'm broadcasting from my car for those who

are wondering why he's sitting in his car it's because I'm at an Air Force

Base attending a meeting for the Hearing Center of Excellence talking about noise

issues for auditory and vestibular research that's being conducted within

the Department of Defense. I work at NIOSH in Cincinnati at

Wright-Patterson Air Force Base today and it's really a pleasure to be a part

of this and to participate in this activity. WANG: Thanks Bob. the next panelist is

Dr. Peggy Nelson, a professor of audiology and the Department of

Speech-Language Hearing Sciences at the University of Minnesota. She's currently

the founding director of the University of Minnesota's new Center for Applied and

Translational Sensory Science where she oversees interdisciplinary research and

vision, hearing, balance, and tinnitus. Welcome, Peggy. NELSON: Thanks, it's really

exciting to be here today. This is very 21st century, very fun and it's good to

be on the panel with all of you. Thanks very much. WANG: Thank you, and our fifth

finalist is Dr. Brigitta Schulte-Fortkamp, a professor at the Technical

University of Berlin in Germany. Her research focuses on supportive acoustic

environments and sound scapes and currently she is serving as Vice

President of the European Acoustics Association and as project leader in

establishing an international standard on measurements of soundscape so thanks

for being here being here Brigitta. SCHULTE-FORTKAMP: Hi Lily, thank you so much to invite

me to this panel and I'm very happy to join this panel and I would like to say

that I introduced the Noise Awareness Day to Germany twenty years ago and so

we are celebrating together with you, with us here, the Noise Awareness Day in

Germany. WANG: Wonderful, thank you very much. So for the next two hours we're going to try

to address many of the questions that have been submitted by the public over

the past month and all of you who are tuned in to this live event you are also

welcome to submit questions and comments through the chat box on our YouTube page

and we'll do our best to accommodate as many of those as possible. The course of

our discussion is expected to follow this outlines. So we're planning to try

to cover a little bit on each of these topics. First what is noise? Talking about

noise sources, causes noise, etc. Secondly, why is noise bad, why can it be bad, and

what are some of the adverse impacts of noise that we know about. Third, what have

we been doing about noise? Like to hear about some of the successful actions

that have been taken to lessen impacts of noise and Fourthly, we'd like to talk about

noise and technology. So, to start with the first question, which is what is

noise, what are some noise sources and causes of noise that all of us in communities

should become more aware of. I'd like to ask each of our panelists to share their

own perspectives on this question. And we didn't plan on who was going to answer

first so, who would like to start us off? BRONZAFT: I'll start. WANG: Thank you. BRONZAFT: I used to define noise, I'm a psychologist, as

unwanted, uncontrollable, unpredictable sound, but I'm changing that definition

thanks to my 12 year old grandson, who lives near aircraft noise and it is

wakened by aircraft noise early in the morning practically every day. When I

asked him what is noise, he said harmful sounds and that's the point which I

think we should define noise, "noise, while it is unpredictable, uncontrollable, an

unpredictable sound, I think in 2018 we now know that that sound can be harmful

to our ears, to our body, and to our mind. WANG: Thank You Arlene. Somebody else be

willing to share their perspectives on what noise is, and maybe the sources of

noise that you are most familiar with and that you've had an opportunity to

study. BROOKS: sure I can jump in. Thank You Lily. The classical legal definition of noise

is unwanted sound. So that brings up the question as to who wants it or who

doesn't want it and so that that can broaden it out quite a bit.

Perhaps we should include the broader definition that Arlene just mentioned

which is a harmful sound. Again, who is it harming? There are many examples of

sounds that we don't like in most cases, but it may depend on the context

whether we would think of it as something like noise which would be a

waste of the energy that's in the sound or it might be something useful to us. A

quick example would be car horns and traffic in in a city. People beeping

horns. Most people don't like car horns most of the time however if if you

happen to be a person who's crossing the street and looking the other way when a

car is coming and the car horn beeps at you, it might save your life so that

in that sense that sound might be noise to some people who aren't

involved in that situation, but to you, it may be a

lifesaver. It may be a very useful resource ,so I think it depends on the

context. We need to be very careful about the context and that I know Brigitta can

weigh in on that because that is part of the sound scape technique and

concept. If we look at sound in the context, certainly if it's causing harm,

if it's causing hearing damage, if it's causing health effects, yes that is

harmful. We call that noise without question.

In other cases, something happening in an urban environment from, you know a

situational context then it may be considered happy by some people. People

like to go out to cafes in the evening. That may be noise to someone. It could be

harming them even and so as it's noise to them certainly, but is it noise to the

other people who are enjoying it and then the sounds of nature that could be

very soothing and very serene for people. Other times it might not be so it, I

think it depends very much on the context. SCHULTE-FORTKAMP: Can I step in and continue here?

Thank you very much Bennett for all this perspective you gave and I think it's, to

me it's very important what you said and also was Arlene was saying because there

is one thing we have to consider that we have to see the noise, the reaction to

say, sound pressure level, or let us call noise or sound, unwanted sound it's very

much related to the person itself. It's kind of the context, it's kind of the

situation the person was educated, it's kind of the situation a person is living

in, and it's kind of also when we only think about the sounds or that we will be

noises, it's related to their functions. This is really what you said before. It's

always depending on context and if you go to consider this,

eventually by research. So we have always to define what kind of, you know, focus we

are setting to discuss this very important issue. NELSON: If I could jump in.

I just would want people to remember for people who have hearing loss or for people who

are unfamiliar with a language or for children who are basically learning

everything, there's more noise than the rest of us think in the environment so

noise is more intrusive at lower levels, any any background sounds whether

it's wanted or unwanted are more intrusive at lower levels than for the

general adult population working in our own language. So I hope everyone

remembers that any time we're dealing with someone with hearing loss or other

special needs, we should expect that the noise is having double the effect

that it's having on those of us with normal hearing and with good language skills.

MURPHY: The work that I do in noise and occupational noise exposure research

and hearing conservation, hearing loss prevention with regards to occupational

exposures, we look at things we don't really get too worried until the noise

levels exceed 85 decibels sound pressure level for an eight-hour time-weighted

average. What I do in terms of some of my areas of research, it involves impulse

noise and so we're looking at levels of anything over 140,

upwards of 170. Those are for gun fire noise and the like. I'm at a conference

here today at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base and we had a presentation on

the noise produced by a howitzer when it's being fired and the levels for that

can be 180-185 dB. These can make for a very

bad day very quickly for someone's ears and cause permanent hearing loss. It can

definitely cause temporary hearing loss to a person and those are the kinds of

noises that I worry about. Then we also have to worry about

things from what causes sleep disruption and that's what Arlene brought up. You

know the noise levels that it takes to wake me from sleep is very low, you

know, 45, 50, 60 decibels can wake me up. That disrupts your sleep. That can affect

adversely your cardiovascular effects. So that's another aspect of of where noise

comes into play and perhaps the hazardous issues and then there's other

things when you go into the psychology of hearing and how we do, you know our

auditory mp3 personal stereos. Those have noise that's interjected at very low low

levels at the lowest levels to improve the auditory sound of your mp3 player,

your iPod, or your Android device. WANG: Thanks to all of you for sharing

your initial perspectives on it. We as a group, you know when we're planning this

YouTube live event we actually brainstormed about a number of different

kinds of sources that are apparent in everyday life and I did see that there

was a comment from the public that was also asking, like you know, when will

awareness of noise and noise pollution become as common as nowadays how we feel

about smoking and smoking cessation. So I'd like to maybe have you all talk

about some of the sources of noise that you've worked with most commonly or that

you're aware of and maybe say some things about that. So Bennett, would you

like to start answering with that one. BROOKS: Sure, thanks Lily. We, in our work, we do a lot of work in the practical realm

where we build things. I'm an engineer so we build stuff.

And to Peggy's point, over the last decade we've built about 60 or 70 schools and

one of the primary things that is important is the low level of noise in

the classroom and that would be the unwanted

sound from the from the mechanical system, primarily it could be

transportation outside as Arlene mentioned from airplanes or trains or

highways. But we want to keep the level of sound in the classroom very low

below 35 A-weighted decibels or lower, which is the standard ANSI S12.60

People can get a free copy of that from the acoustical society's website, if

you go to the Standards tab and again if you have a very low levels of sound they

will interfere with speech communication which is so important in our schools and

particularly more so as Peggy mentioned for those with any hearing impairment or

English as a Second Language, for example, in our school. This can be something

that we work on and we work on it very diligently so that the schools that we

build can meet the acoustical standards for our kids. WANG: Let me follow up on what

you're saying though, Bennett, what are the sources of noise that might impact

people in classrooms and like what are those sources, rather, you know I want to

try to keep this at this first part talking about growing awareness of types

of noise sources that are impacting communities. BENNETT: Anyone who might go stand in a school for example

might notice that if they have the old style window ventilators, that have a fan

in them and have perhaps an air conditioning compressor in them. That can

be very loud. I measured one, one time that was 70 DBA and the kid was sitting

three feet away from it and I'm trying to figure out how this kid in fourth

grade is engaged at all. I mean it was, that's a problem. So it's

the HVAC, heating ventilating air conditioning systems or we call them

mechanical systems in buildings, which cause a lot of noise and people will

notice that in public spaces also restaurants schools auditoria and then

you have transportation which is a primary source outside.

Planes, trains, automobiles, but also it can get inside the building if the

building envelope is not properly insulated from outside sounds and noise.

I could thank you would you like to add it to any of that yes it's a 40 we're

having a little bit of a hard time hearing you Arlene let's see the train

was intruding on classroom time the train went by every four and a half

minutes and it was over 80 decibels in the classroom the teacher had to stop

teaching so teaching can't go on she lost 11 percent of classroom time and

when we did our study and we compared children exposed to the sound levels of

the trains compared to the children on the white side of the building by the

sixth grade they were nearly a year behind in learning and yes we had to

turn to acoustical improvement to lessen the decibel level the Transit Authority

quieted the tracks adjacent to the school the Board of Ed put in acoustical

ceilings and then when we came back a few years later when it was less noisy

the children on both sides of the building were reading at the same level

so it's not just the learning that I've got intruded upon it was also the

teaching and then I looked at the acoustics within the classroom I agree

in terms of the ventilation as was just stated but even the doors when children

were passing from one classroom to another and one class was still in

session you could still hear the children going back and forth so the

things are getting better the FAA has spent several hundred million dollars to

quiet schools that are exposed to aircraft noise so they're much more

cognizant of it now than we were and please to note that we are talking about

it doing something about it particularly when you the first study

was done 40 years ago so thank you thank you for bein sure Brigitta can you speak

more on other noise sources that are and this sort of soundscapes that you have

studied yeah I like to to mention the road traffic noise this is one thing and

at the same time perhaps the way what noise which which may bother people it's

the same in the same area and the issue is now not only to to measure the sound

level or the noise level but to find something that people give a bit better

life quality in that kind of areas and this is a kind of our research that we

try to find solutions related to places where we do the research for instance so

meaning please let us collect what people think about an area what they

think about the noise in this area and also what they think about which are the

good sounds in this area and how do they want to tell you to manage their daily

life living in this area and so we have done lots of research in

this regard and also when you mentioned soundscape and soundscape let me say

this for the first moment only from this point of you saying the major issue in

soundscape is to lets people participate in changings that are foreseen by this

community or etc even if to do measurements together with people at one

place collecting data are collecting the sound level this is one major important

thing but on the other hand to also to get their impression and perception of

what is happening this is also very important in finding out in a in joint

say communication say having a platform for communication on these topics

absolute to change areas and give some inputs also in urban planning this is

this would be another topic what you should consider concerning that quality

sure bill can you comment about as you know having been technical

chair of the Technical Committee on noise in the acoustical Society of

America I know that we've had many sessions on assorted sources of noise

can you comment more broadly on other sources of noise that we should be aware

of this bill muted he may not be connected right at this moment

sorry there's a recent book that has a very short answer to your question by

Gary Keizer it's called the unwanted sound of everything we want all the

things that we want we want easy transportation we want comfortable

buildings we want all kinds of mechanized things we want we want

entertainment for ourselves we want to carry it along in our phones all these

things can be considered noise they can be harmful to us they can be harmful to

the people around us depending on the context of course so a lot of it is part

of modern society so when you think of any type of thing that is convenient for

you it could be causing noise so the question is how do you use it how do the

people around you react to it and try to

use it in a more friendly or useful way thanks Bennett for that Peggy I'd also

like to ask you for your insights on different sources of noise that you have

either personally experienced or had a lot of research involving that I listen

to lots of clients with hearing loss talk about their noisy environments it's

difficult for communication in vehicles in traffic and it's difficult in in

public places noisy restaurants and all and I think consume

are having some positive effect now on the future of those things restaurants

are getting raided we have this this app that we're all using and mapping out the

noise e places and consumers have been asking for that and they're really

responding positively to that so I think we all have the public has some say in

the fact that we value quiet we value ease of communication and even

though yes I totally agree Bennett we want those things that make me want all

that stuff we want the toys that make noise and we love music and sound we

want to be able to be more in control of it as some have mentioned from the

beginning it's that sense of not not being able to control it there's one

other new area that I've just gotten in and that's that the noise surrounding

sustainable energy and wind turbines and that's a really fascinating and

complicated area because of course we want clean energy and we're trying to

figure out what what we can do about the the sound environment and the sensation

of sound and infrasound around wind turbines so I'm new in that region but

I'm it's a fascinating area that we're studying and I'd be curious to hear if

there are people in the public who have comments about that as well thank you so

much yes I mean please and a grandmother I think you start with children and I

want people to realize that we now have a sound and noise module on the New York

City Department of Environmental Protection's website which teaches

children from the lower grades through high school to appreciate the good

sounds in our world and to be aware of the dangerous sounds and we won't be

able to appreciate the good sounds if the dangerous ones drown them out and I

have written a children's book listen to the raindrops which speaks about

beautiful sounds in our environment then asks everyone to lessen the noise

so that we can one and all forever hear the raindrops fall thank you for that

all right lane so now we want to transition to this topic of why can nose

be bad

For more infomation >> INAD - What is Noise? - Duration: 27:05.

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S.P.L. Sørensen Google Doodle and What is pH Scale? - Duration: 2:01.

Google observes Danish Biochemist SPL Sorensen for making pH scale with a Doodle.

The inquiry monster respects Biochemist Soren Peder Lauritz Sorensen for his progressive

work in acquainting with mainstream researchers, the idea of the pH scale .

Google today commends the man who made the pH scale.

The hunt mammoth respects the Danish Biochemist Soren Peder Lauritz Sorensen for his progressive

work in acquainting with mainstream researchers, the idea of the pH scale with a fascinating

Doodle.

It won't not be right to state that his creation was a huge report in science and ought to

be commended.

The pH scale is utilized to quantify corrosiveness and alkalinity of substances, going between

numbers 0 to 14 with 7 being nonpartisan.

Substances with pH number more noteworthy than 7 are ordered as fundamental or antacid,

while substances with pH number lower than 7 are classified as Acidic.

Conceived on ninth January 1868 in the Danish city of Havrebjerb, SPL Sorensen headed the

Carlsberg Laboratory in Denmark's capital, Copenhagen from 1901 to 1938, where he examined

the impacts of the particle focus on proteins.

Since concentrate the centralization of the hydrogen particle was particularly essential,

Sorensen thought of basically building up a scale as an approach to quantify the particles.

He did as such in the year 1909 and was the principal researcher to utilize the pH scale.

The Google Doodle presents the pH of various things funly.

It requests that the client designate the things to their suggestive spots as indicated

by their acidic or fundamental character.

For example, the pH level for eggs remains at 8, while the pH level for lemons and tomatoes

remains at 2 and 4 separately.

SPL Sorensen kicked the bucket on twelfth February in 1939.

For more infomation >> S.P.L. Sørensen Google Doodle and What is pH Scale? - Duration: 2:01.

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Who Was The Black Dahlia Murderer? - Duration: 4:05.

A 22 year old aspiring actress named Elizabeth short was murdered in 1947.

She had black hair, and green eyes, wore stylish black dresses, and was by all accounts beautiful.

But she would never become the actress she aspired to be.

Her body was found in a vacant lot, severed in half, scrubbed clean of dna, drained of

blood, and a joker smile had been carved on her face.

She would, however, become infamous.

The case was highly publicised by the media, who published Elizabeth the nickname, the

black dahlia.

To this day, it is one of the most famous murder cases that has never been solved.

So who killed Elizabeth short?

Today, life's biggest questions asks, who was the black dahlia murderer?

Hello and welcome back to life's biggest questions.

I'm charlotte dobre.

Don't forget to give us a thumbs up and subscribe and let us know in the comments

below what topics you would like to see next.

The black dahlia murder had at least 20 suspects, by some reports there were more than 50.

But in this video, we will highlight the most compelling theories.

A British lawyer, Piu Eatwell, examines the black dahlia murder in her book, black dahlia,

red rose.

The case is made that Elizabeth short frequented jazz clubs in LA, and also befriended many

men after she was grieving the death of a man she loved.

This is one of the reasons why its been so hard to narrow down who her killer could have

been.

At the time, Elizabeth was penniless, but was connected to a wealthy Danish businessman

named Mark Hansen.

Hansen was associated with the mob.

Short was staying at hansen's house, and was eventually kicked out, but she refused

to leave.

Hansen then asked one of his associates to 'take care of her'.

Eatwell concludes that the murderer was actually one of the original suspects in the case,

Leslie Dillon, who ended up being psychotic.

He was an aspiring writer, a bellhop, and a former mortician's assistant.

As a morticians assistant, he had learned how to bleed bodies with bodies before embalming.

After the murder, Dillon moved away to Florida, but reached out to an LAPD psychiatrist named

J Paul De River.

He told de river he was doing research about the murder for his new book, and wanted to

learn more about sexual psychopaths.

He then confessed to De river that a friend of his had killed miss short.

Dillon was eventually detained by the LAPD over an overwhelming amount of evidence connecting

him to the case.

SO why was Dillon never convicted?

Well, the LAPD was known for being corrupt.

The department may have engaged in a cover up of the Dalhia case in order to keep Hansen,

Dillons associate, out of trouble because he was also connected to the murder.

Dillon, despite the suspicion surrounding him, never confessed to the murder.

He also sued the LAPD for being treated as a suspect.

There have been many who have written books about the suspects.

Like a former LAPD homicide detective, Steve Hodel.

In his book, Black Dalhia Avenger: the true story, he makes the claim that his own father

killed Elizabeth short, and may have even confessed to it.

Hodel once found two pictures of a woman he thought was Elizabeth in one of his family's

photo albums.

After he saw them, he was compelled to look into possible connections between miss short

and his family.

He eventally discovered that his father, a Hollywood physician, George Hill Hodel, was

a suspect in the black dahlia case.

He also found out that the LAPD bugged his fathers house, and actually got a recording

of him saying 'supposin I did kill the black dalia, they couldn't prove it now.

They cant talk to my secretary any more because shes dead.

Sound suspicious to you?

Hodels case is intriguing, but according to alexis sobel fits, a writer for the guardian,

over time, hodel's theories have become even more elaborate.

He even tried to connect his father to the zodiac serial killings.

So in short, despite an initial relevance, became somewhat scattered.

The LAPD has been blamed for being negligent as well as for making the case that Elizabeth

short deserved to be murdered.

They labelled her as a tramp and a slut.

Perhaps we will never know who murdered Elizabeth short.

All we can do is speculate on what is now one of the most famous unsolved murders of

all time.

Who do you think the black Dahlia Murderer was?

Let us know in the comments below.

For now, I'm charlotte dobre and you've been watching life's biggest questions.

If you enjoyed that video, you'll love, who was jack the ripper. you should also check

out one of our playlists clickable on the screen right now.

As always make sure notifications are turned on so you never miss a video.

For more infomation >> Who Was The Black Dahlia Murderer? - Duration: 4:05.

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What Were You In Your Last Life According To Your Zodiac Sign - Duration: 5:24.

What Were You In Your Last Life According To Your Zodiac Sign

Most of us often believe that we take birth 7 different times and each birth we are slightly

different to what we were from our previous birth.

But have you ever thought or imagined in your wildest dream as to what you were in your

past birth?

Well, according to astrology, an individual�s current personality and zodiac sign can reveal

exactly what he/she was in their previous life.

These predictions are revealed by the astro experts and are based on your sun sign.

Check it out as to what you were as in your previous birth�

ARIES: MARCH 21-APRIL 19 Your past life was dominated by a Pisces,

which actually means that you are coming from a life of significant limits, boundaries,

and responsibilities.

The individuals who are born under this sun sign are believed to be born leaders.

You could be someone who would have been a warrior or king in your previous birth as

per the predictions.

TAURUS: APRIL 20-MAY 20 Your past life was dominated by Aries, which

means that you are bringing forth the fiery energy of your past life into this one and

this is something that can turn into a creative vigor.

Your sign individuals are supposedly great team players.

It is predicted that you would have been a popular basketball or soccer player.

GEMINI: MAY 21-JUNE 20 Your creative nature comes in from your past

Taurus-dominated life.

In your last birth, you were a person who could be a twin pairing with any of the well-noted

personality.

These individuals could be also someone who would be exactly similar to you in nature.

CANCER: JUNE 21-JULY 22 Your fear and the sense of disfigured reality

is often something that is brought forward from a Gemini-dominated life.

Probably in your past life, you were someone who spent their entire life caring for others.

LEO: JULY 23-AUG 23 Your past life was dominated by Cancer and

this is something that it makes it challenging for you to feel that fulfillment.

In your past life, you could have been a cruel yet beautiful leader.

VIRGO: AUG 24-SEPT 23 Your present life may revolve around caring

for others like the past Leo-dominant individuals.

Since your sign is known to pay a lot of attention to the small detailing of your life, it reveals

that you could have been a scientist or mathematician in your past life.

LIBRA: SEPT 24-OCT 23 In your past birth, you lead a Virgo-dominated

life, where you found yourself having a difficult time to achieve balance in your life.

As per the predictions, it reveals that you could be a writer or a poet in the past, as

you are a person who loves to express out your emotions.

SCORPIO: OCT 24-NOV 22 You were a Libra in your past life if you

are born as a Scorpio in this life.

There are times when you have been too focused on yourself.

In the past birth, you would have been a lawyer or a judge who is keen on doing justice to

the people around them.

SAGITTARIUS: NOV 23-DEC 22 In your past life, you were dominated by Scorpio.

Your deep roots have put you on a path to a certain expansiveness in this birth.

You would have definitely ruled hearts in your past life.

According to the Astro experts, in your past birth, you would have been someone who loves

to be a center of attraction.

CAPRICORN: DEC 23-JAN 20 In your past life, you would have been dominated

by Sagittarius.

You are a person who spends a major part of their day listening to nature.

In your past birth, you could have been a famous environmentalist or archaeologist.

AQUARIUS: JAN 21-FEB 18 You are born to rule and have an identity

of your own.

In your previous birth, your sign seems to have been ruled by Capricorn who is all focused

on working hard, independent and is unlikely to be influenced by someone else.

Seems like in your past life, you could be an artist who has broken all records.

PISCES: FEB 19-MAR 20 In your past life, you were ruled by Aquarius.

You have a strong sense of intuition and this is something that makes you a person who could

see the future.

In your previous birth, seems like you would have been Nostradamus who predicted a lot

of what could happen in the future.

What do you think you were in your previous birth?

Let us know in the comment section below.

For more infomation >> What Were You In Your Last Life According To Your Zodiac Sign - Duration: 5:24.

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Google Doodle who was the chemist and when was the pH scale invented? - Duration: 3:47.

acid-test SPL Sorenson celebrated by Google doodle who was McKim extend went

was the pH scale invented the Danish scientists revolutionary tests of

acidity and alkalinity is still used today the distinguished chemist is

little known outside of his native Denmark here's what we know about the

enigmatic scientist who is celebrated today in the Google Doodle who was McKim

Xterra PD Lawrence Sorenson was born in a freak Church in 1868 the son of a

farmer Sorenson began studying at the University of Copenhagen dat the age of

18 he originally planned to study medicine but under the influence of

chemist ESF Jorgensen decided instead to forge a career as a scientist while

working as a post doctoral student as an assistant in chemistry of the Danish

holo Technic Institute he contributed towards a Geological Survey of Denmark

the enterprising student also found work as a consultant at the Royal Naval

Dockyard Sorenson became head of the prestigious Carlsberg laboratory in

Copenhagen from 1901 to 1938 in the year before his death he was married twice

and his second wife mark rated Europe Sorensen helped him in his studies he

died on February 12 1939 at the age of 71 what is the pH scale and went was it

invented while working that the Carlsberg laboratory he studied the

effect of ion concentration on proteins exploring further the importance of the

concentration of hydrogen ions his pioneering work on ions resulted in

his groundbreaking discovery of the pH scale he introduced a scale in 1909 the

article in which he introduced it described two new methods for measuring

facility the first method was based on electrodes while the second involved

comparing the colors of samples and a pre-selected set of indicators with pH

signifying potential of hydrogen the logarithmic scale is used to specify the

acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution the scale which rates acidity

or alkalinity from zero to 14 can be used in everything from medicine to soil

the revolutionary test has been taught to countless science students across the

world as a measure for testing the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous

solution what is a Google doodle in 1998 the search engine founders Larry and

Sergey drew a stick figure behind a second toe of Google as a message to

that they were out of office at the Burning Man festival and with that

Google Doodles were born the company decided that they should decorate the

logo to mark cultural moments and it soon became clear that users really

enjoyed the change to the Google homepage in that same year the turkey

was added to Thanksgiving and two pumpkins appeared as the O's for

Halloween the following year now there is a full team of doodler illustrators

graphic designers animators and classically trained artists who helped

create what you see on those days among the doodles published in 2018 or ones

commemorating cartographer Abraham mortally used Egypt and after Oh Murray

fans st. Patrick's Day earlier in the year the search giant celebrated the

Paralympics in 2018 in penang jay with an animated design celebrating each of

the sports the winter Paralympians will compete in

For more infomation >> Google Doodle who was the chemist and when was the pH scale invented? - Duration: 3:47.

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What Is Polio, Causes and Symptoms - Health Tips - Duration: 8:55.

Polio what is polio

polio also known as poliomyelitis

is a highly contagious disease caused by a virus that attacks the nervous system

children younger than five years old are more likely to contract the virus than any other group

according to the world health organization WHL

one in 200 polio infections will result in permanent paralysis

however thanks to the global polio eradication initiative in 1988

the following regions are now certified polio free America is Europe Southern Pacific

to Southeast Asia the polio vaccine was developed in 1953 and made available in 1957

since then cases of polio have dropped in United States that polio is still persistent in Afghanistan Pakistan and Nigeria

a limb and aiding polio will benefit the world in terms of health and economy

the rad EK shun of polio can save at least $40.00 to 50 billion over the next 20 years

what are the symptoms of polio

it's an estimated that 95 to 99% of people who contract polio virus car asymptomatic this is known as sub clinical polio

even without symptoms people infected with the Leo virus can still spread the virus and

cause infection in others the unparalleled IC polio

signs and symptoms of non paralytic polio can last from 1 to 10 days

the signs and symptoms can be flew like a and can include fever

sore throat headache, Ting fatigue

meningitis the on paralytic polio is also known as abortive polio

paralytic polio about 1% of polio cases can develop into paralytic polio

paralytic polio leads to paralysis in the spinal cord spinal polio

brain stem bulb are polio

or both ball Boskin all polio

initial symptoms are similar to non paralytic polio

the after a week more severe symptoms will appear

these symptoms include loss of reflexes severe spasms and muscle pain

loosed and floppy lambs sometimes on just one side of the body

to sudden paralysis temporary or permanent

deformed limbs especially the hips

ankles and feet it's rare for full paralysis to develop

less than 1% of all polio cases will result in permanent paralysis

in 5 to 10% of the polio paralysis cases the virus will attack the muscles that help you breathe and cause death post polio syndrome

it's possible for polio to return even after you've recovered

this can occur after 15 to 40 years

common symptoms of post polio syndrome

PPS are continuing muscle and joint weakness

muscle pain that gets worse

becoming easily exhausted or fatigued muscle wasting

also called muscle atrophy

trouble breathing and swallowing

to sleep apnea or sleep related breathing problems

low tolerance of cold temperatures

new onset of weakness in previously uninvolved muscles depression

trouble with concentration and memory

talk to your Dr. If you had polio and are starting to see the symptoms

it's estimated that 25 to 50% of people who survived polio will get PPS

PPS can't be cut by others having this disorder

treatment involves management strategies to improve your quality of life and reduce pain or fatigue

how does the polio virus infects someone as a highly contagious virus polio transmits through contact with infected feces

objects like toys that have come near infected feces can also transmit the virus

sometimes it can transmit through a sneeze or cough

as the virus lives in the throat and intestines

this is less common people living in areas with limited access to running water or flush toilets

often contract polio from drinking water contaminated by infected human waste

according to the mayo clinic the virus is so contagious that anyone living with someone who has the virus can catch it to pregnant

women people with weakened immune systems such as those who are HIV positive

and young children are the most susceptible to the polio virus

if you have not been vaccinated

you can increase your risk of contracting polio when you

travel to an area that has had a recent polio outbreak

take care of or live with someone infected with polio

handle a laboratory specimen of the virus

have your tonsils removed

have extreme stress or strenuous activity after exposure to the virus

how do doctors diagnose polio

your Dr. Will diagnose polio by looking at your symptoms

they'll perform a physical examination and look for impaired reflexes back and neck stiffness or

difficulty lifting your head while lying flat labs will also test a sample of your throat

still or cerebrospinal fluid for the polio virus

how do doctors treat polio

doctors can all only treat the symptoms while the infection runs its course

that since there's no que are the best way to treat polio is to prevent it with vaccinations

the most common supportive treatments include bed rest

painkillers and tea spasmodic drugs to relax muscles

and tea bionics for urinary tract infections

portable ventilators to help with breathing

physical therapy or corrective braces to help with walking

heating pads or warm towels to ease muscle aches and spasms

physical therapy to treat pain in the affected muscles physical therapy to address breathing and pulmonary problems

pulmonary rehabilitation to increase lung endurance

in advanced cases of leg weakness

you may need a wheelchair or other mobility device

how to prevent polio the best way to prevent polio is to get the vaccination

children should get polio shots according to the vaccinations schedule presented by the centers for disease control and prevention CDC

on rare occasions the shots can cause mild or severe allergic reactions

such as breathing problems

high fever dizziness

hives swelling of throat

rapid heart rate adults in the United States aren't at high risk for contracting polio

the greatest risk is when traveling to an area where polio is still common

make sure to get a series of shots before you travel

polio vaccinations around the world

over all cases of polio have dropped by 99% a lonely 74 cases were reported in 2015

polio still persists in Afghanistan Pakistan and Nigeria

from the history of polio to know polio is a highly contagious virus that can result in spinal cord and brain stem paralysis

it most commonly affects children under five years old

cases of polio peaked in the United States in the 1952 with 57,623 reported cases

since the polio vaccination assistance act the United States has been polio free since 1979

while many other countries are also certified polio free the virus is still active in countries that haven't started immunization campaigns

according to WHL

even one confirmed case of polio puts children in all countries at risk

Afghanistan is set to start its immunization campaign for early October and November of 2016

national and sub nation a limb yen as a shun days are planned and ongoing four countries in West Africa

you can stay up to date with case breakdowns on the global polio eradication initiatives web site