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These are the Einstein equations. They belong to general relativity our current

theory of the behavior of macroscopic objects as well as gravity. But they didn't

always look like this. The Einstein equations were originally going to look

like this. But for a very specific reason this term was added. Spoiler alert!!

It was the acceleration of the expansion of the universe.

Let me explain. While Einstein was developing general relativity he was

asking astronomers at the time many questions, and something all astronomers

agreed on was that the universe were static and unchanging.

There was no start to the universe and there will be no ending this is how the

universe has always been and how it's always gonna be. There is no global

motion this is where the astronomical objects have always been. There may be

local motion, the earth is going around the Sun, but in the grand scheme of

things the universe is static. But this was bothering Einstein a lot. You see if

there was really no start to the universe, then his theory predicted that

gravity would eventually pull all matter into an infinitesimal point. So he

thought: But if every astronomer tells me the universe static it's more probable

that my theory is wrong instead of every astronomer in the world to be

wrong. So in order to fix his theory he had this term to his equations. Lambda

times G mu nu. This lambda is called the cosmological constant. Its purpose back

then was to counter the gravitational collapse. That way his theory would be

consistent with the astronomical observations. But in 1930 thinks changed.

Edwin hubble using the most powerful telescope at the time, made a

revolutionary discovery. He found that the universe wasn't static. It was

expanding. The further away he pointed his telescope the faster the galaxies

were moving away from us. So Einstein thought lambda wasn't needed anymore and

he removed it from his equations. But now lambda is back. Why? To explain dark

energy. We now know that the universe is not only expanding, but it does owe at an

ever-increasing rate. And the reason behind the acceleration of the expansion

is dark energy. Mathematically dark energy is expressed using lambda, the

cosmological constant. A positive value of lambda suggests an exponential

expansion of the universe. The current data that we have supports the idea of

a constant positive cosmological constant across the whole universe. Such

a thing would counter all the mass and pressure from the matter which would

gravitationally slow down the expansion. According to the second Freedman

equation with just Einstein's equations solved for the whole universe.

because of the cosmological constant we have a positive acceleration of the

scale factor, a double dot. Which means that the universe's expansion rate is

increasing. Without lambda the a double dot term would be negative, because the

density Rho and the pressure P of the universe both slow down the expansion.

But overall lambda wins and we have an accelerated expansion of the universe.

It's easy to underestimate the significance of the cosmological

constant and hard to overestimate it. Since lambda is dark energy's number and

dark energy is 68.3% of the universe. The reason why the

universe is how it is is mostly due to the cosmological constant. Lambda is the

reason the universe is flat. We derive that from the first Freedman equation.

The first Freedman equation is also a byproduct of the einstein's equations

solved for the whole universe and if you don't take into account lambda then the

first Freedman equation predicts that the universe has a negatively curved

hyperbolic spatial curvature. Because there is not enough matter, or I should

say density Rho, to stop the current acceleration of the universe that we

measure. Even without dark energy. If you include dark energy particles though you

find that there is enough stuff to flatten the universe. By including lambda

into Einstein's equations and as a consequence into the first Freedman

equation we get zero in both sides of the equation. Because cosmological

constant exactly cancels the right side from being negative. And that is

consistent with what we observe a flat universe, an Omega, the number which

describes the special shape of the universe, equal to one or more accurately

something between one point zero 28 and 0.9 72. So dark energy has two roles that

work against each other. First it introduces an anti-gravity effect which

fights and wins gravity from all the matter and results in an accelerated

expansion. But second it increases the density of the universe which helps

matter pull gravitationally the universe together by adding more stuff to the

universe. The former role is the reason why the expansion accelerates because

otherwise it will slowly decelerate but never reach zero. And the lateral role is the

reason the density of the universe is high enough to reach the critical

density and result in a flat geometry. So what is the value of the cosmological

constant? haha good question! Experimentally by measuring the

expansion rate of the universe and by analyzing the CMB, we have found that in

SI units lambda is 1.5 times 10 to the minus nine joules of energy per cubic

meter the average of one point 52 times ten to the minus nine and one point

forty eight times ten to the minus nine. This is the amount of dark energy a

cubic meter of vacuum has. So we know what lambda does we know what's the

value of lambda but what is lamda? What is vacuum energy? Well the leading

interpretation of dark energy suggests that this energy comes from quantum

fluctuations described by quantum field theory. But if you apply the quantum

field theory prediction of how much energy a cubic meter of vaccum contains

just from quantum fluctuations you conclude that lambda is 10 to the power

of 113 joules per cubic meter. See the problem? Experimentally we know

that lambda is 1.5 times 10 to the minus 9 but QFT predicts a vacuum energy of 10

to the power of 113. This is one of the biggest mysteries of physics. It is

called the cosmological constant problem. When we say that we don't fully

understand dark energy that's what we mean. And the worst part is we have no

explanation. But it may lead us the way to another revolution in physics.

For more infomation >> Dark Energy's Number | Cosmological Constant: Explained! - Duration: 8:56.

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The Stress - Our Dark Passenger (subtitles) Bartosz Filapek - Duration: 16:42.

Hello – after vacation I hope most of you have taken a little rest, relaxed, took some

time off from your daily tasks and are ready for further action. The theme of this movie

will be STRESS and how it affects our lives and in particular our health. In today's world, stress

is a rather unwelcome guest in our lives. This is probably because most of us are stressed out

practically every day for most of the day. So, we are dealing with the situation when we wake up

in the morning, get up and start to stress, and we stop really only when we lie down. Most people

still have trouble falling asleep because they are so emotionally stimulated that they are unable

to calm down and fall asleep. Therefore, we often have problems with insomnia. What is stress?

First of all, let's start with the fact that this is not just an emotion, it's just a reaction of

our body to certain events that happen in our environment, and, as a rule, it is a reproach of

certain chemicals to our body that cause a specific feeling of what we call STRESS. It would

seem that stress is unacceptable in our lives, because it complicates our functioning

very much. On the other hand, if we look at nature, we will see that in the animal

kingdom, stress often saves lives. When the animal is in danger, a very high level of

adrenaline is released in the body, in a sense – it's stress. The animal will either survive the

threat of his life and escape or die. So, it is a natural process when stress occurs in our body. It

is supposed to protect us from adverse events in our lives. So, it is in a sense a fuse in our

body that tells us that something is going to endanger our lives. So first we have to realize

that stress is necessary and we very much needed. Just why is it that we are stressed

from morning to night, that we are living in constant stress or chronic stress? Nowadays

stress leaves us rarely. At all times, we are in some tension. Why is it like that?

Well, you do not have to be genius to come to the conclusion that the reason for

this is that we do not live in our natural environment. From morning till night, we fight

with something. It would seem that we are fighting for our survival, but are you sure?

What do we need to survive? First of all: shelter, food and security. So, what are we

really fighting every day ... What do we get up for in the morning, why we go to sleep

in the evening, and all day we experienced fighting for our survival? By saying "fighting",

I mean that since we were stressed all day, we were taking a fight. It was not the

day we were resting, we weren't relaxing, it was the day of the fight. The question -

did we fight for the right thing ... We go to work, we make money, at work of course

the atmosphere can be either good or not. Therefore, we can get up in the morning with a smile

on our face, enjoy that we go to our work, spend a good time there and go home also with a smile

on our face and relax with the family. Or we can go to work being unhappy that we have to go there

and throughout the day fight with all the people all around us, to come back from work and let all

the emotion out on the family and the last thing that we will do is relax. I do not know if you

know, but it really depends on us whether we stress the situation or not. Because our lives are

not at all threatened. We do not go to work with threaten to die there, we do not risk leaving home

that we will die. As we say zebra, which in Africa walks in the fields and is aware that in the

nearby bushes lion or tiger may lurk, which will hunt for it. She is prepared. But the

question - does she live in constant stress? No - because the zebra is generally in the

present tense, here and now. She gets stressed out when she senses danger, adrenaline rushes

into her body and the fight for life begins. This struggle for life will probably last a few or

several minutes. Then, if the zebra runs away, her body will relax and again will go quietly somewhere

on the grass and will be relaxed. So, the stress in her case lasted literally a short period

of time. And then the body is able to cleanse it's body of the chemicals she had just

created to increase body's processing power. How does it look in our case? Our capacity

is always at an elevated level, we are always in stress, i.e., we are constantly

struggling for life, and our body does not keep up with the removal of the chemicals that

it produces. And that is a problem. And this is a threat to our health. Why? Because stress causes

acidification of our body, and acidification of our body causes the development of both fungi,

parasites and bacteria that live in the acidic environment. As a result, if our body is regularly

acidified by stress, because stress is not the only factor that alters our health, we will lead

to the development of a variety of "living things" that should not be there. If this

time of stress lasts for some time, say a week, a month, or even a half year, and pass,

then after some time the body is able to recover. Of course, it will not take a few

hours. It will take weeks, but it will recover. Now it's different if we are stressed for

several years or maybe even most of our life. When does the body should cleanse from the chemicals

which has been produced? From the side effects which happened, the development of life in

our body, which should not be there at the same time toxic substances that this life produces. Our

organs are not functioning properly and our body is constantly tens. It cannot devote its energy

and focus on treating the symptoms that it's experiencing at the moment because is

constantly busy fighting for our lives. We are still at risk. We stressed out. This means

that we are threatened. Is this a natural process which goes throughout our lives? Should

this happen in our lives? You have to ask yourself this question and analyze whether

your life situation actually threatens your life and whether what you have been involved

in is worth it to ruin your own health. I think it's not worth it. And as I said

before, you decide whether you are stressed or not, because in reality there is no danger

of life, it is only a virtual threat. Because, let's say you want to buy a new car,

a new phone, a new apartment, you're always running around to get that money, you do not

have time to relax, and in tension in general man is not quite able to achieve anything,

because energy is not going through its body as it should. And if it does not flow freely - is

blocked, does not take any action, and the law of attraction (which I will probably talk about in

the next video) teaches us how to attract do ourselves what we actually desire. One of the principles

of this law is that we should first be relaxed, calm, confident in what we want and it will

get to us sooner or later. But we cannot always fight for it, because in the realm of

animals or in the realm of nature there is no struggle for most of life. Animal fights

when he must fight, and all the remaining time available can devote to relax. Even a predator,

if you pay attention - hunts for a certain part of the day, he will hunt his victim, eat it, and

the other two, three or four days leaves for relaxation. He does not live in tension like we do.

Always. From morning to evening, constant tension, stress. Generally speaking, there was supposed

to be only one video about stress and that's what planed, but yesterday I thought that

since I was talking about stress, it would be useful to say a little about how to

avoid stress, or what to do to not to have it in our lives. And I'll probably make a

second video. Where I will devote a little attention to how to avoid stress and get rid

of it from our lives at moments where we don't need it. You know a proverb that says a

person loses his or her life for money and then when the money is made, it seems that

all the money is used to get healthy. And the circle made its way around. All your

life you work to have your body destroyed which is the home for you. Our body is our

home. It depends on us what shape it's in. Your homes you clean and dust systematically so it's

clean…vacuuming, washing windows, washing floors, dusting, you take care of it all. What do you do for

your own body? For a home where you spend your whole life. From birth to death. Are you wondering

whether or not there is a mess in your body? And if you are sick – I assure you that there is a

big mess there and it would be nice for you to have it cleaned occasionally. But what

is the sense of continuous cleaning if it gets constantly dirty? So, the best you know

is prophylaxis - You can clean it, there are different types of cleansing, which I will talk about

in the next videos – ways to clean your body. But it makes no sense to clean it when we litter it.

So, we also have to learn how to take care of the body and not to litter, that is, to learn

to live so that our body is healthy, because no pleasure is to live in continuous discomfort.

Because stress is not pleasant for us. Each of us would like to get up in the morning

with a smile on our face smiling at everyone from ear to ear and after a long day still

come back home with a smile on our face. To come home and joke with children, husband and parents –

just to play throughout life. Because life is not a constant struggle. It makes no sense to take

life so literally and think it is so heavy that you have to fight for survival all the time. It's

not true, we have such a condition of life now that we really have nothing to fight for, because

we do not need much to live on a good level. A bit of commitment, a bit of desire, but also doing

what we have to do we can be happy and avoid all the stress. And our standard of living will

really increase because we will be satisfied with it, all in all, it's not what we do only what

is our inner state, the state of the spirit. Are we cheerful, happy, or always angry, irritated?

Look - you go to work and you see a man who always has a mean face, he is always shady,

he is always mad whatever you tell him, upset, and you have not seen a smile on that

man's face. What do you think of such an individual? You are not emotionally positive about that

person, right? But honestly, most people just like that you just can't see it yourself. Everyone

sees each other in the same way. And pay attention to how people perceive people who are always

nice, smiling and cheerful. At once, we have a completely different attitude towards these people.

And that seems to me very important in our lives to live joyfully, happily, that's what

we live for. Not to be forever furious, stressed, just to enjoy life. So, this is the

message of this video as a summary. Enjoy life, adore it. There is no sense in being

constantly anxious, nervous and concerned. You do not need it. And so, you have to go

through it all anyway. How will you do it? Its only your decision. And by the way you

will be happy and will avoid the health problems. See you soon in the second part of

this video. I hope you liked it. Take care.