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You've read the reviews online. You've heard the stories. You've seen the videos everyone agrees

The PlayStation Classic isn't very good from the PAL region games to the blurry video quality sluggish performance and questionable game choice

Something that was a day one must own purchase now is considered an overpriced mistake. It hasn't been a good week for the PlayStation Classic

$100 is a lot to pay for this device

I picked up my PlayStation classic on launch day after nearly cancelling my pre-order

But I was waiting to see when the inevitable hacks would be released and as we found out it was merely hours after the system

Went on sale in the USA

it's been about a week since Sony launched the PlayStation Classic and I've spent many hours playing games and

Attempting to hack the device now in the last 24 hours. There's been a new discovery that allows you to load any

PlayStation game offer USB flash drive therefore

Alleviating many of the concerns that people had with the substandard list of games that were included with the PlayStation

Classic so after owning the PlayStation Classic for a week would I recommend it to you? Let's go ahead and find out

So let's first talk about what the PlayStation Classic is at its core

It's a low spec low powered ARM based system that has 16 gigabytes of flash storage that has 20

PlayStation ROM images or ISOs installed onto it the mediatek system on a chip contains a quad core ARM Cortex

835 CPU running at 1.5 gigahertz and a power VR ge

8300 GPU the system contains a one gigabyte of ddr3 RAM and the 16 gigabyte of flash storage that I mentioned previously

as

With all arm based retro throwback classic systems

Including the NES and Super NES classic an emulator is used in this case

It's pcs X rearmed this is an armed optimized version of the pcs X PlayStation 1 emulator

There's been some negative opinions raised that this emulator is open-source and that it may not be as good as something proprietary, but I disagree

Pcs x re armed is a very capable emulator that's been developed by some of the smartest emulation developers out there

Not only is there a very fast MIPS to arm dynamically compiler the GPU and SPU plugins have excellent performance

Very where's Barry. Well, I'm sorry, but he's probably

The biggest negative about pcs X rearmed is that hasn't been updated in about two years

Which means that some long outstanding bugs have still yet to be fixed?

Let's talk about the games list many people have expressed dissatisfaction

At the twenty included games and if I go back and look at the games that I wanted back in

September when the system was first announced a grand total of zero

games made the cut but overall

I don't think the games list is too bad you get arguably the best fighting game on the system a few

Excellent RPGs some absolute classics in Metal Gear Solid and Resident Evil and the choice director's cut too

There's also a good platforming fund with Rayman racing games and some puzzle games also fare very well

It's a decent spread of games that has been criticized a little harsh

But on the flip side, there's nothing here that in my opinion makes the system an absolute must own

One of the biggest issues undoubtedly has been the inclusion of 9 PAL region games

I can only assume that the reason for this was to allow for multi-language support

PAL region games run at 50 frames per second while NTSC runs at 60 frames

Even though every HDMI signal is 60 frames per second

Pcs X rearmed will emulate a PAL region system by displaying only 50 frames

To illustrate this issue if we compare Tekken 3 on the PlayStation Classic running in the default Pal mode vs

NTSC mode you can clearly see the PAL version lag behind

The good news here is it didn't take long for someone to find a way to change the region settings?

Four hours after launch to be exact críticos to retro gaming arts for this discovery and I will link his channel below

By plugging in a USB keyboard and pressing escape during gameplay

You can access the pcs X rearm menu and from here. You can change any pal region game to NTSC

I also like to turn off auto frame skip and set it to zero. This will give us the smoothest possible

Performance. You can also save this configuration back to the PlayStation Classic so you don't always need a keyboard to change the settings every single

time

what this means is we can fix Sony's mistake and have all our games in NTSC mode and

Games like jumping flash and GTA run very well

Many people have tried the keyboard trick, but could not get it to work

This is because only a very small amount of keyboards have been whitelisted in

General if you own a course a gaming keyboard. You're in luck

My keyboard is a corsair RGB strafe and it only worked when I had both USB cables

connected to both PlayStation Classic USB ports

When I booted up the PlayStation Classic it said that a controller was missing, but I could use the keyboard to navigate

Launch and even play them but the cost of a corsair gaming keyboard is more than the playstation classic itself

I don't recommend this option to anyone and as we will talk about shortly

This method has already been superseded and made obsolete by an easier and cheaper method

In the last 24 hours

There's been a new discovery that allows you to load PlayStation games any PlayStation game you want off the USB flash drive

let's go ahead and take a look at that in more detail and see how easy it is to set up a

New method has been discovered to load games from a USB flash drive, and it's really simple to do

Take any flash drive in this example. I'm using a 16 gigabytes and disc and format it as fat32. I

Recommend you have one with a light or LED on it to check for any disk activity

But of course this is optional now when you format the flash drive you want to ensure the label is called Sony

The volume has to be called Sony. Otherwise, it won't work now

The next thing we want to do is download a github repository called GPG hacks

Just click on the button called cloned or download and when prompted download the zip version

Open up the zip file and then click into the GPT hacks - master folder and then drag the contents of this folder

Onto your USB flash drive once it's completed copying eject the USB flash drive from your PC now

With the power unplugged in the PlayStation Classic insert the USB flash drive

then connect the power cable now wait a few moments and you will notice that the power LED is orange now power on the

PlayStation Classic and you will see the power LED flash orange and green

This means that the hack has worked now power off the PlayStation Classic

Remove the USB flash drive and install it back into your PC for one more step

Select the lol hack folder and then edit the file called lol hacked

SH with either notepad plus plus or any other text editor now paste the following text into the file

replacing the existing

Contents of LOL hack SH and save the text needed to replace is in the description below now

the last thing we need to do is select the games folder then select the 21 folder and in this folder copy any

PlayStation 1 games that you want to play on the PlayStation Classic once you have everything completed here, you are all finished up

Let's connect the flash drive back into the PlayStation Classic and power it up with the USB flash drive inserted

You can launch any games with the controller plugged into USB port 1 now

When you press the select and triangle button, it will open up the PCs X rearm menu

Like we saw before when we were using the keyboard method

Now using the d-pad to navigate select load CD image

Then press the write d-pad until we see the folder called media then continue to press the d-pad right again until we see games

Then select 21

once you see 21

Press X. And then you will see the list of games that you previously copied onto your flash drive

You can cycle through these with the d-pad left and right and pressing X will launch the selected game

Now we can play any game we want on the PlayStation Classic. Here's a look at some of my favorites

What is this what's going on here

Please

Here what are you doing here? Hold your fire. I'm a human

Oh, sorry about

So let me know what you think about the Sony Playstation Classic in the comments below for me

$100 is too expensive and I can't really recommend this device at that price

But I do think if there was a price drop to sixty or seventy dollars

That would be a much more appealing purchase at that price given the fact that hackers have brought functionality to the table

that was not present out of the box with the Sony PlayStation Classic that really starts to make the system more appealing now you could

argue that a retro pie or an Nvidia shield TV

which we did review on the channel last week can do a better job than the Sony Playstation Classic and that's

Absolutely 100% the case, but there is something to like about the Sony Playstation Classic

It's a very simple and easy to use device

you just plug it in and

play games and that's

something that for me is very appealing especially if you want to take this on the road with you or you're taking it on a

vacation with your family

Or you're in a hotel you like to travel and you want to just plug it into a TV and start playing some classic

PlayStation games there's definitely a lot of appeal there

so $100 is not something that I can recommend wait for the inevitable price drop and

also

We'll see more hacks and mods to the system to make it much more user friendly to the average person to play additional

Emulators and additional PlayStation games on a device like this. Well guys, I'm gonna leave at that for this video

Once again, let me know what you thought about the PlayStation Classic in the comments below as always

Don't forget to Like and subscribe and I'll catch you guys in the next video. Bye for now

For more infomation >> The Sony PlayStation Classic - One Week Later | MVG - Duration: 11:55.

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Enregistrer les métadonnées : Ma Pause Café avec Yves Chatain | Adobe Lightroom Classic CC - Duration: 1:31.

For more infomation >> Enregistrer les métadonnées : Ma Pause Café avec Yves Chatain | Adobe Lightroom Classic CC - Duration: 1:31.

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Classic Legends Jawa Launch - Duration: 5:21.

Congratulations!!! Its a father

[Intro Music]

All right, this is the D Day

We are here at Biju Pattnaik International Airport, and we are travelling to Mumbai.

Its 15th November today

After the bombshell price RE announced for its 650 Twins yesterday

We have to see what Jawa has in store for us today.

Myself and Shyam bhai (OJYMC Core founder Member) are going to Mumbai

to attend the Jawa 2018 meet up and launch event.

Hi to all viewers from Shyam bhai :P

We will be attending the launch event, its today morning 11:30 for Media and

for Club members it will be at Noon 3pm.

CLPL have outdone themselves, they have made this event as grand as they can.

Let us see how they will conduct this and what the outcome will be.

Here we are at Mehboob Studio, (Mumbai) and you can see the vehicles alredy parked and lined up

for today's main event, many people have not come *yet*

The event starts at 3pm, Its 1:30pm, we are one and half hour early to the venue.

We are just going to see the bikes.

Since we are early, you never know, we can touch them and feel them

There are multiple dealerships already available *across the country*.

I will just show you something, this is mehboob studio,

and just on the left, here is the event, we are here *finally*

Thats the Jawa monicker proudly displayed

We are at the Launch venue of the Jawa launch

Jawa, as you know already, they have launched *2 bikes* at the moment

and I will show you each bike in quick succession.

The first one is 42

Its a take on neo retro classic *bikes*

it looks the part and from the engine we can say, it goes the part too.

looks like the *retro* jawa, but it has a single monopod speedo console.

This is the first model from Jawa stable, as mentioned has neo retro matt cruiser,

roadster, rather, and if you see from the styling, it hails back to the original *early 40s*

beautiful from all aspects and all accords,

Lets do a walkaround video of the same.

a single pod cluster,

single disc and drum brake setup *for braking duties*

Single channel ABS *as standard* and bar end mirrors.

That pretty much sums up the 42.

and you can see the moniker here "forty two"

The second is a retro take, the Jawa 2018 motorcycles.

Straight away taken from the books, the old looks, the old world charm and everything else in between,

except the engine, it is a bomb.

Third model is the bonkers of them all, the bobber *Perak* model

People clamoring to see this bike, cannot blame them also

The third model is the bobber *Perak*

I will show you that in a moment.

These are the *2* motorbikes that will be launched today

I am so happy that Mahindra decided to lauch these beauties, can not be more happy.

*Stay tuned for Part 2 of Jawa Launch for Club Members*

For more infomation >> Classic Legends Jawa Launch - Duration: 5:21.

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🛠️ HOW TO: PLAY NES GAMES ON PS CLASSIC HACKED ENGLISH VERSION - Duration: 8:39.

hi guys welcome to another video this time in this video I'm going to show how

to play Ness games in RPS classic very easily and quickly in only two steps ok

this is our pendrive already ready to run ISOs and games this I mentioned in

the previous video of how to hack the PlayStation PS classic so if you do not

know I recommend you see the previous video in which I explain that in only

four minutes here I have my pendrive ok we have to go inside the games folder

then inside the folder 21 and as you can see I already have ISOs here inside we

are going to copy the Ness image that already includes the Ness emulator and

many games of Ness it includes around 3000 games in

different versions Japanese Americans Europeans packs and much more it is

possible that some games does not work but most of those that I have tested

works perfect ok we have the ISO file then I have converted to banan queue

with the program called wina so as I said in other videos there are some pen

drives not compatibles I have used a micro SD card with a micro SD reader and

it works perfect okay well we copy the files then in Q inside folder 21 that we

have mentioned it goes very fast once it is copied we will plug the pendrive in

two PS classic as I've told you in the previously video I repeat if you do not

know how to do it see my video of how to hack PS classic

you

guys now we've already turned on our PS classic with the pen drive inside

you

now you select any game and on the screen where the PlayStation logo

appears press select plus triangle at the same time and the menu appears now

we select pcs X then load image and here we go we use the directions buttons

press right and enter into the games folder now folder 21 and here we have

our nest dot bin file copied previously with the nest simulator and nest games

didn't here we have the emulator of nests for PlayStation ok and the whole

list of games they are not few many pages let's try a couple of games to

show you that it really works

ok let's choose cage Japanese version we press Start and as you can see the game

loads

now to return to the main menu where we select the games we have to press r1

plus l1 + select + start let's select another game as I say it is possible

that some games do not work okay let's try Castlevania

okay I pause the game and I only want to comment that the emulation is very well

as you have been able to verify the sound is very good the graphics etc I

hope you liked this video the PS classic scene starts to be interesting so stay

tuned over the next days because we are going to show everything about PS

classic is capable to do

For more infomation >> 🛠️ HOW TO: PLAY NES GAMES ON PS CLASSIC HACKED ENGLISH VERSION - Duration: 8:39.

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Quantum classic interface (part 1) | QTM3x | QuTech Academy - Duration: 9:40.

Today I will be talking about how we can interface qubits with classical systems.

With classical I mean systems which are non-quantum, so not exploiting quantum effects.

In order to understand how we do it, let's look at how a real life quantum computer looks like.

Basically, there is the quantum processor where the qubits are and you've seen implementations

of qubits for a quantum processor in other videos.

In order to control these qubits,

you need an electronic interface to drive the operations on the qubits,

for example single-qubit or two-qubit operations.

At the same time, you also need to read out the state of the qubits,

and this is done also by the electronic interface.

In order to be a little bit clearer about what this entails, let's look at a number of examples.

For example, let's assume we have a qubit implemented as a spin qubit using a single electron,

and you would like to rotate this qubit.

What we need to do is generate a magnetic field which can interact with the magnetic dipole

of the electron.

To do that, we can think of putting a wire next to the qubit and let a current flow through the wire

so that a magnetic field is generated that can interact with the electron.

To do that we need to generate a certain microwave pulse with a certain amplitude and duration,

at a frequency tuned to the resonance of the electron, so that the qubit can rotate as we want.

Now, the amplitude and the shape of this pulse will determine how the qubit exactly rotates.

So you can see, by applying a purely electrical signal,

we can apply a single qubit rotation in the quantum processor.

So that's an example of control.

Let's look now at an example for the read-out.

Again, let's talk about a spin qubit using a single electron.

This time we want to read the magnetic dipole of a single electron.

That is very difficult.

So what people do, is that they make sure

that the information in the magnetic domain is translated into information about the position

of the electrons.

So by appropriately timing the quantum processor

we can make sure that, depending on the quantum state,

the qubit moves to a different position or not.

That change in position can be sensed by charge sensors next to the qubit.

Now how do we read this charge sensor?

Basically, we read the charge sensor by reading its resistance.

The main idea is to connect an electrical circuit to such resistor to read its value.

Here is a typical example of what is used in a typical setup:

you connect the charge sensor to a coaxial line and you inject power at a precise frequency

in that coaxial line.

If the resistance has a certain defined value, this power will be absorbed by the charge sensor.

Otherwise, if the resistance is different, this power will be reflected back and detected

by a low noise amplifier.

So what we see here is that a quantum phenomenon, the state of the qubit, is completely translated

to an electrical signal that can be read out by using classical electrical circuits.

So, all of this is embedded in such electronic interface that you see here in the whole system.

But how does this look in real life?

If you come to one of our labs at QuTech, you will see something like this:

we have a big refrigerator, this big cylinder hanging from the ceiling, 2 meter tall.

This is used to cool down the quantum processor very close to the absolute zero,

because that is the temperature where the qubits work best.

The quantum processor is here, at the bottom of the fridge.

And to find the electronic interface, we should follow the wires that go through the fridge

to the top floor and finally reach the electronic equipment on the higher floor,

which implements the electronic interface.

A quantum computer today looks like this:

you have the quantum processor at very low temperature

and an electronic interface at room temperature composed by very bulky equipment.

The question we want to ask ourselves is:

can we scale up such a system to a very large number of qubits?

Now, you can understand that it is not so simple, especially because of the wiring.

If you want to build a quantum computer with practical applications you need millions

of qubits and thus millions of wires.

As an analogy, think to the camera in your phone.

It has millions of pixels and you try to connect each of those pixels with a wire 2 meters long

to its electronic read-out.

This is not something we do today, because it is not very practical.

The same is true for a quantum computer.

This approach here is not practical.

So a much better solution is to build electronics on purpose for this application, tailor make it,

and bring such electronics also at very low temperature, that we can connect it to very large quantum processor,

so that we can build a scalable quantum computer.

Our approach is to bring the electronics very close to the quantum processor.

Here you see the quantum processor cooled to a temperature between 20 and 100 mK

and the electronics placed very close to it.

So on the top part of the figure, you see the electronics that we use to read out,

so you see some amplification, some frequency down-conversion and then you need to convert

this analog signals to the digital domain through analog-to digital-converters, or ADC's.

These digital signals are processed by the digital control unit, which determines

what to do with this read out states and decides what to feedback into the quantum processor.

That's done with the digital-to-analog converters, which brings back the signal into the analog domain,

eventually upconverting and amplifying it back into the quantum processor.

One thing you may realize is that we may also need to bring some part of the electronics

at the same temperature of the qubits, so down to 20 mK.

But if we can do that, we can really build a scalable quantum computer.

As a side note: here I am showing a purely electrical interface, but for some qubits,

for example NV-centres, we may also need an optical interface, possibly also working

at cryogenic temperature.

Now, to implement all that, we have to face a number of challenges.

First, all of the electronic controller need to achieve very tight performance.

If you think to the example of the spin qubits, just to let the qubit exist, you need to provide

constant voltages with a very tight stability well below 1 uV, which means better than 1 ppm.

We need also to provide microwave pulses with very tight accuracy in terms of amplitude

and timing.

And you need to build a read-out with very low noise, much better than what is possible today

while at the same time avoiding any kickback.

That means avoiding any effect back to the qubit, because you want to avoid spoiling the quantum state.

So that's the first challenge: Meeting the performance.

The second challenge is that you have to operate this electronics at cryogenic temperature.

So typically you want to place it in a refrigerator.

You see a simplified diagram on the right.

The refrigerator has different stages at different temperatures.

The qubits are typically placed at the lowest stage at the lowest temperature,

and you want to place the electronics as close as possible.

What's the problem?

The problem is that the lower you go in temperature, the less cooling power you have available in the fridge.

So, for example, at 4K, you only have 1 W of power available, and if we go to 20mK

you even have much less than a mW.

So the challenge here is to build all these electronics while dissipating the minimum amount of power.

Finally, but also very important, we need to build these electronics with a technology

that can work at cryogenic temperature as low as 4 K or even 20 mK.

You have different options, because you can use superconducting devices or any semiconductor

operating at low temperature.

Here you see a number of examples.

The challenge is to choose the best technology.

So to conclude this lecture:

we have seen that we can build a scalable quantum computer

if we can build an electronic interface operating at cryogenic temperatures

very close to the quantum processor.

However, to make sure that this works, we have to address a number of challenges

in terms of performance, power dissipation and cryogenic operation.

These are the topics that we are going to discuss in the following video.

For more infomation >> Quantum classic interface (part 1) | QTM3x | QuTech Academy - Duration: 9:40.

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Quantum classic interface (part 2) | QTM3x | QuTech Academy - Duration: 12:17.

We have seen that to build a scalable quantum computer we need to build a complex electronic

interface operating at cryogenic temperature as close as possible to the quantum processor.

To do that, we need to meet a number of challenges in terms of performance, power dissipation

and of course we must find electronics that can work at cryo temperatures.

Let's look now to some of these issues in more details.

Let's start from the cryogenic operation of the electronics.

So which is the best electronic technology that can operate at 4 Kelvin,

at 20 milliKelvin or even below?

There are different options.

First, we can think to use superconducting devices like RFSQ, RQL and so on.

These devices operate naturally at very cold temperature because they exploit superconductivity.

And one additional advantage is that they have very low power dissipation.

Next to that, another option is to take standard semiconductor technologies

and look at what is the minimum temperature at which they can operate.

One problem is that some of them, like the first line here in this table,

cannot operate at the temperature we need, because this device doesn't work below 100K.

Other technology really works at 4 Kelvin or even below.

For example these two types of devices: Silicon Germanium HBT's

or MESFETS are very much used today,

also for quantum applications, because they operate at 4 Kelvin or below

and can operate with very low power dissipation.

However, if we really look closely to all the technologies,

there is only one of the technologies here that is very special.

That's the last one shown here: the CMOS technology.

CMOS stands for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

and it is the same technology that is used to implement conventional microprocessors.

It is the only technology in this list, which can offer Very Large Scale Integration.

Which basically means that we can integrate billions of devices on a single silicon chip.

But, why is this relevant here?

Because we want to build a very large scale quantum computer with millions of qubits

and of course also the electronic interface would be very complex.

And CMOS is the only technology today that can offer such complexity,

comparable to what is done in conventional microprocessors.

So we want to use CMOS, because it also works at 4 Kelvin

and is proven to work at least down to 30 mK.

In fact, we don't know yet what the minimum temperature is at which the CMOS can still operate

So, if we want to build a scalable quantum computer the best approach,

and that is what researchers are doing today also here at QuTech,

is to research cryogenic CMOS technology, or cryo CMOS in short.

So we want to build all this system here using cryo CMOS.

But before we can do that, we have to look at 2 specific problems.

First of all, which are the exact specifications that this system must satisfy?

And second, how exactly do cryo CMOS device operate at such low temperatures?

Let's look at the specifications first.

Specifications are very important.

Since we have to build a tailor made system, we have to be aware what the impacts are

of any choice in the electronics on the qubit performance.

What researchers typically do, is to simulate cryo CMOS electronics and qubits together.

The main idea is to start from a circuit simulator where you can simulate the electronics.

This simulator produces the electrical signals that can be fed to a qubit simulator,

which is basically a full physics simulator using the Hamiltonian description of the qubits.

From operating the qubits in this way, you can derive what the fidelity

of the full quantum computer is, at least for the control part.

Next, the qubit simulator can also produce the electrical signals generated by the qubits

and this can be fed to the circuit simulator to emulate or simulate the read-out process

and finally get the fidelity for the read-out.

By doing this, the designer can really adapt the electrical circuits

for the best performance of the full quantum computer.

In order to be a little bit more pragmatic, let's look at an example.

So, we know that in order to operate a single-qubit rotation you need to produce microwave pulses.

These can be done as shown here, for example.

You have an arbitrary waveform generator, which produces a certain waveform,

for example this square pulse shown here in green that is multiplied by a sinusoidal carrier

coming from the oscillator shown in blue.

So the result of the multiplication is a short pulse at very high frequency.

This is what you can feed to the qubits to do single-qubit rotations.

Now the question is, how precise should this pulse be?

With the approach I have shown you before using the simulators, we can analyze any error

or non-ideality in this pulse

and find out how this relates to the final error in the full quantum computer.

In this table we show all the possible source of errors in such pulse

such as amplitude errors, frequency errors,

noise in the amplitude, noise in the phase and so on and so forth.

And we can compute, here at the bottom, at 1000 ppm total error that a pulse,

assuming all this error sources, will produce into the quantum computer.

This error would result into a 99.9% fidelity for the qubit operation.

In this way we can really relate qubits and electronics

and find out how good our electronics should be.

The follow-up question is: Is it possible to realize a circuit

with such specifications, or not?

To give a first response, let's look at what we can do using CMOS technology,

but at room temperature - not cryogenic.

Here I took as an example

a practical implementation for the green block and the blue block.

So we can use a digital-to-analog converter to implement the green block

and a so-called phase-locked-loop for the oscillator in blue.

By choosing specific parts, we can see that such a system would consume

a total power of 37 mW for a single qubit.

So first of all we can conclude: yes, it is possible to make such electronics,

but we consume quite some power.

We can imagine that if we have to replicate this for thousands or millions of qubits

it is going to dissipate a lot of power.

If we have to operate such circuit at cryogenic temperatures, we have a problem

because it is not easy to dissipate a lot of power at very low temperatures.

But we can be a little bit smarter,

and we can do this: We can make sure that this circuit

is not only addressing a single qubit, but a number of them.

For example, by multiplexing them in frequency.

By doing that we can, for example, address up to 64 qubit with the same circuit.

Of course, this would require some modifications in our circuit,

so you see the number on the bottom changes.

As a final result we have a higher total power, but we are addressing more qubits,

64 in this example.

So we can get less than 1 mW per qubit.

So, what is the main idea here?

The challenge is that when we design the electronic interface,

we have to look at the system level.

We have to co-design the qubit processor and the electronics, in order to make smart choices

that makes all the electronics possible, for example in terms of power consumption.

But up to now we have seen examples

only based on electronics that work at room temperature.

Let's look to how those devices would work if you go to cryogenic temperature.

Here, I want to show you how a single CMOS transistor works.

Basically, a CMOS transistor is nothing else than a device

that regulates the current flowing through 2 of its terminals,

the so called IDS, as a function of the voltage

that you apply on the other terminal of the device.

Here on the left you see the current generated a by CMOS transistor at room temperature

as a function of the voltage applied to the current terminals.

Ideally you would like that this current is as flat as possible

and independent from the voltage at the end of the transistor.

In this plot, you see an NMOS and a PMOS, the 2 devices present in a CMOS technology.

Infact, the C in CMOS stands for complementary technology,

meaning that you have 2 different kinds of devices,

but that is not very important for the sake of the following discussion.

What is more interesting to see is that if you cool down the device,

what you see is that the current increases.

And that is good, because more current

means that the full circuit can go faster.

So you have an improvement in performance.

But this is the cooling only down to 20 Kelvin.

If we really go to 4 Kelvin, what you can start seeing

is a very weird behavior, because you see that the current is not anymore flat

there is a first strange effect.

And you may also see that there is some hysteresis in the current,

so the current is different if you sweep the voltage in one direction or the other.

And that is very different behavior than what we see at room temperature.

Are we able to handle that?

In order to understand this phenomena a bit better, we can look at how different transistors

in different CMOS technologies behave at 4 Kelvin.

In our measurements at 4 Kelvin on the left,

you can see exactly the behavior we have just discussed

The current is not flat as it happens at room temperature, but it shows this funny kink.

On the right, instead, there is a different CMOS technology

and here you can see that

the curves at 4 Kelvin really behave similar to what you would expect for a transistor

at room temperature.

So you have these very funny and different behaviors, but the nice thing is that

we can predict such behaviors.

I can take the standard model used for those devices at room temperature,

and extend it to cryogenic temperature.

I can show here that this model, shown as the solid lines,

fits very well with the measurement data, shown as dots.

What is the bottom line here?

Basically by using the standard models and the standard techniques,

I can model these devices also at cryogenic temperature,

so that I can really use them to make electronics that work at cryogenic temperatures.

So by using these techniques, I will be able to build such complex systems.

Here at QuTech, we have already started implementing

a number of blocks that will be the basis for building such a large system.

For example, we have investigated how to use standard digital circuit

like FPGA's operating at 4K and below, and how to build temperature sensors

integrated on silicon, RF oscillators, and low noise amplifiers,

all operating at cryogenic temperature.

All these blocks are required in the electronic controller for quantum processors.

This cryogenic electronic interface

will enable us to build the scalable quantum computers of the future