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GOTTFRIEDWilhelm Leibniz was aGerman philosopher, inventor and mathematician laid the foundations for the modern day calculator and computer

Leibniz was born on July 1, 1646 in Leipzig and lived to be 70 years old and his birthday has been celebrated by a Google Doodle

Alamy Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz made the foundations for the modern day computer Who was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz? Leibniz was one of the most brilliant minds of his age and became one of the most prolific inventors in the field of mechanical calculators, building on Pacal's calculator and he was the first to describe a pinwheel calculator in 1685

He designed the Leibniz wheel, used in the arithmometer, the first mass-produced mechanical calculator

Liebniz also refined the binary number system, the foundation of virtually all modern-day computers

He wrote works on philosophy, politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology

Archimedes, a mathematician in ancient Greece, first came up with an algorithm to calculate pi around 250 BC with the formula refined and improved by mathematicians in China and India

Leibniz is credited as stating the first modern formula for pi.His parents were Friedrich Leibniz and Catharina Schmuck

He wrote his doctorate at the Leipzig University before enrolling at the University of Altdorf and passed his Doctorate in Law in November 1666

Despite his brilliant mind he spent his final years cut out of the intellectual world after John Keill accused him of plagiarising Isaac Newton's work on calculus

Google Google is honouring the German mathematician and philosopher with a Google Doodle Even though he was a member of both the Royal Society and the Berlin Academy of Sciences neither body bothered to honour his death in 1716

His grave went unmarked for more than 50 years.more google doodles DOODLING FOR THE DADS How Google is commemorating Father's Day 2018 with a colourful Doodle PICTURE PERFECT World Cup kicks off with Google Doodle showcasing cultures of the 32 teams La mère Brazier Michelin starred chef Eugénie Brazier marked with Google Doodle GNOME YOUR HISTORY Google is celebrating garden gnomes with a special doodle MEDICAL PIONEER Dr Virginia Apgar celebrated by Google Doodle - why is she being marked? What is a Google Doodle? In 1998, the search engine founders Larry and Sergey drew a stick figure behind the second 'o' of Google as a message to that they were out of office at the Burning Man festival and with that, Google Doodles were born

The company decided that they should decorate the logo to mark cultural moments and it soon became clear that users really enjoyed the change to the Google homepage

In that same year, a turkey was added to Thanksgiving and two pumpkins appeared as the 'o's for Halloween the following year

Now, there is a full team of doodlers, illustrators, graphic designers, animators and classically trained artists who help create what you see on those days

Among the Doodles published in 2018 were ones commemorating cartographer Abraham Ortelius, Egyptian actor Omar Sharif and St Patrick's Day

Earlier in the year, the search giant celebrated the Paralympics in 2018 in Pyeongchang with an animated design celebrating each of the sports the winter Paralympians will compete in

Sunday's Google Doodle Celebrates Mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.Sunday's Google Doodle celebrates the 372nd birthday of mathematician and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

He was born near the end of the Thirty Years War, into a world very different from today's, but his work helped lay the foundation for the computer or smartphone on which you're reading this article

Working independently but at around the same time as Isaac Newton, Leibniz developed differential calculus, a type of mathematics used to calculate rates of change, and integral calculus, a type of mathematics used to calculate things like area and volume

Because Leibniz and Newton were both members of the Royal Society in London, it's likely they would have heard of each other's work even though they weren't collaborating

Leibniz was the first to publish, in 1684; Newton followed nine years later in 1693

But a few years later, the Royal Society - with Newton as its newly-installed president - accused Leibniz of plagiarizing Newton's work

The two mathematicians had used different ways of writing calculus down, however, and Leibniz's version is still used today - so in a way, he had the last word as well as the first

Leibniz also developed the binary system, whose notation of zeroes and ones is the basis of modern computer languages

His book, Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire, credited the ancient Chinese divination manual, the I Ching, with inspiring the binary system of zeroes and ones, since the I Ching's hexagrams use a very similar notation to record numbers

In an age of European ethnocentrism, Leibniz still recognized China's long-standing mathematical advancement

He also drew on the work of European mathematicians who had already invented their own systems of binary notation, but he refined and simplified those systems into the modern form of binary

And he wrote about logical properties that would be very familiar to modern information theorists and computer programmers - even if it's written in ink on parchment, as Sunday's Google Doodle depicts

Google doodle: Who was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz? What does the doodle mean?.Today's Google doodle celebrates the birth date of German polymath and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

So who was he?.Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was born on July 1, 1646, in Leipzig, Germany toward the end of the devastating Thirty Years' War

His father, a Professor of Moral Philosophy, died when he was six years old, and he was raised by his mother

After his father's death, Leibniz inherited his extensive library, which is where his ideas began to take shape

His philosophical writings consist mainly of journal articles, manuscripts published long after his death, and many letters to many correspondents

Through his life, Leibniz's most notable accomplishment is considered to be his conception of the ideas of differential and integral calculus independently and simultaneously with Isaac Newton's similar conceptions

In 1676, Isaac Newton accused him of having seen his unpublished work on calculus

There was alleged to be evidence to prove that Leibniz stole calculus from Newton

Mathematicians have come to favour Leibniz's notation as the conventional expression of calculus, while Newton's became unused

Leibniz's later years were plagued by these accusations of plagiarism, a period known as the 'calculus priory dispute'

By the time of his death in Hanover 1716, aged 70, he had fallen out of favour in society, including amongst British Royalty, with whom he has ties

Even though Leibniz was a life member of the Royal Society and the Berlin Academy of Sciences, neither organisation saw fit to honour his death

His grave went unmarked for more than 50 years.Historians of mathematics writing since 1900 or so have tended to acquit Leibniz, pointing to important differences between Leibniz's and Newton's versions of calculus

In 1900, British philosopher Bertrand Russell published a critical study of Leibniz's metaphysics, making his ideas respectable to a modern audience

In 1985, it seemed Leibniz had finally redeemed himself, when the German government created the Leibniz Prize, offering an annual award euros for experimental and theoretical projects

What does the doodle mean?.Today, Leibniz can be seen all around us: he refined the binary number system, which is the foundation of virtually all digital computers

Today's Google doodle is written in binary code: It says, simply, 'Google'.It seems a fitting tribute to Leibniz on his 372nd birthday

For more infomation >> Who was Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz? German mathematician and philosopher's 372nd birthday marked by G - Duration: 10:32.

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Korean women earned 67% of what men earned in 2017 - Duration: 1:42.

More and more women are active contributors of the nation's workforce.

Over fifty percent of them are employed with a growing number of mothers returning to work.

However, according to our Kim Hye-sung, there still lies a big wage gap between men and

women.

Data from Statistics Korea show women's average monthly wages came to about 2-thousand-50

U.S. dollars last year, up four-point-three percent from the year before.

Still, that's only two-thirds of what was earned by Korean men, who made on average

about 3-thousand-50 U.S. dollars a month.

In 2013, Korean women earned 68 cents on the dollar compared to men.

That fell to around 66 cents in 2015, and then went up slightly in 2016 and 2017.

Statsitics Korea attributed the gender pay gap to women working irregular jobs... and

to interruptions to their careers caused by marriage, childbirth and childrearing.

In August 2017, 3-point-six million women, or 4 out of ten women in the labor force,

were employed on a temporary basis.

This is much higher than the rate for men, of whom 26 percent are irregular workers.

At the same time, the average continuous working years for women was four-point-seven years,

two-point five years shorter than that for men.

Yet data show the areas women work in have become more diverse.

For the first time last year, women accounted for more than half of the public servants

employed by Korea's interior ministry.

The ratio of women in law and medicine also went up compared to the previous year, coming

to 26 percent, 25-point-four percent, respectively.

Kim Hyesung, Arirang News.

For more infomation >> Korean women earned 67% of what men earned in 2017 - Duration: 1:42.

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Drake: Keeping Son A Secret Was 'Most Painful' Decision Of His Life — Why He Came Forward Now - Dail - Duration: 3:24.

Drake shockingly confirmed that he has a secret son on some tracks for his new album 'Scorpion' and although he finally opened up, he had a very good reason for choosing to keep things under wraps up until now

   Drake, 31, finally revealed that he is, in fact, a daddy to his 8-month-old son Adonis, in the tracks "Emotionless," "8 Out of 10" and "March 14" on his new album Scorpion but before he let the world know, he felt intense fear about the whole shocking situation and it's one of the reasons he decided to keep the baby out of the spotlight at first

 "Drake did not see his child as much as he wanted to because he was scared," a source close to Drake EXCLUSIVELY told HollywoodLife

"Drake was afraid of the reaction of the world, his fans, and his friends, and how it might affect his image that he had a child with a woman he barely knew

" Drake's son's mother is artist and former adult film star, Sophie Brussaux, whom he apparently only met twice, according to his lyrics in "March 14"

   As with any new father and especially one who had a baby with a woman he didn't know well, Drake felt like he had to get used to the new role before being comfortable with the public reveal

"It took Drake time to process becoming a father, and some time to be OK with everything," the source continued

"It helped to write about it, share the news with his fans and come to terms with everything

It all happened so fast and it has taken him this long just to be OK with becoming a father, and it all still feels surreal for him

"  Despite his struggles, Drake is doing everything he can to make sure his son is being taken care of and hiding him from the world was one of the initial things he decided to do to keep that reassurance

 "Drake is doing the best he can by his son," the source explained. "He was trying to protect him from the world, keep him secret and private, and in the long run he thought he was doing what was best

Keeping his son secret was the toughest, most painful decision in his life and one of the hardest things Drake has ever been through

After the secret began to leak, he realized he needed to take action. Now that the secret is out, Drake feels incredible relief and like a huge weight is off his back

Now that he too has been able to share the news of his son with the world, Drake feels he will have more room to spend more time in the open with Adonis

 Drake admires how close DJ Khalid is with his son, Drake wants that too."  Before Drake had the opportunity to openly be with his son, rapper Pusha-T outed the singer's status as a father last month in his track, "The Story of Adidon"

The track was part of the ongoing feud between him and Drake which consisted of the two of them calling each other out on social media and in songs

Although there was some speculation about Drake possibly having a child last year, the feud brought out more details than ever before which is what eventually led up to Drake's big reveal

 

For more infomation >> Drake: Keeping Son A Secret Was 'Most Painful' Decision Of His Life — Why He Came Forward Now - Dail - Duration: 3:24.

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03 What is a Japanese Candlestick Chart? - FXTM Technical Analysis Basics - Duration: 1:46.

The Japanese version of price charting

uses a shape similar to a candlestick as a visual representation.

The Japanese Candlestick method of viewing charts

is one of, if not the, most popular methods of looking at charts.

One candlestick shows the open, high, close and low point of the price

at a given timeframe.

The shadow or wick shows the distance between the high and the low.

The body of the candle, or "real body", measures the distance between the open and the close.

When the close is higher than the open price,

then the body of the candlestick is white.

This reflects a positive sentiment in the market.

When the close is lower than the open price,

then the body of the candlestick is black.

This reflects a negative sentiment in the market.

There are many different shapes and sizes to the candlesticks

and the patterns they form, all of them with their own special names.

For example, one of the simplest and most popular candlestick patterns

is called The Hammer.

This is when the candle has a long lower shadow and a short body,

with tiny or no shadow on top.

The Hammer is made up of just one candle and is a type of bullish reversal candlestick.

We will be covering trend reversals in an upcoming video.

Stay tuned to FXTM Technical Analysis Basics to find out more!

For more infomation >> 03 What is a Japanese Candlestick Chart? - FXTM Technical Analysis Basics - Duration: 1:46.

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Episode 1: What is Oral History? - Duration: 16:13.

Oral history documents and preserves the memories of people who lived through significant events.

Oral historians prepare well-informed research questions that seek to provide future

researchers educators and the public with first-person accounts of the past.

Oral histories captured diverse perspectives, from presidents to working-class people.

Many scholars have used oral history as methodology to produce bottom-up histories or people's histories.

Social historians have conducted oral history projects that document the civil rights anti-war,

Disability rights movements, etc.

Oral history has also inspired efforts to record previously marginalized histories of communities such as freed slaves,

LGBTQ communities, and people with disabilities.

Whether novice oral historians want to understand more about their own family's history or to ask significant historical questions about nations.

When done with an appropriate degree of training oral history can produce new insights into the lived experiences of people and reveal a deeper understanding

into the human condition.

Journalism Versus Oral History

Journalists are more interested in the stories than the storytellers.

Journalists interviewed to capture sound bites or quotes rather than to preserve the voices of people.

Because the goals of journalists and oral historians customarily differ greatly, the interviews they produce are radically different too.

Journalists use interviews to report news.

Usually working on a strict deadline,

journalists rarely take the time to preserve their recordings much less make them accessible to others. Many journalists simply take notes.

When journalists do record audio and video the recordings are often edited for short clips to be used during a broadcast

These recordings are typically discarded afterwards.

Journalists asked highly focused questions to interviewees. They usually do not ask people to elaborate or respond to open-ended questions.

Because the ultimate goal of journalism is a story that sells the records that journalists provide are limited to their final product.

Journalism generally does not seek to deposit their recording for other investigators to examine.

A few notable journalists are our oral historians such as Studs Terkel and Wallace Terry,

both of whom have produced oral history inspired books that focus on the perspectives of historically underrepresented groups.

However, these authors did not originally provide access to their original recordings. Though Terkel has since provided access to recordings.

And usually the accounts are heavily edited to produce easily readable and enjoyable coherent narratives.

Oral histories on the other hand are ugly.

The transcripts can be long and sometimes tedious

because people speak in fragments, do not always complete their thoughts, and sometimes ramble.

Oral histories can be difficult to read.

However, the raw transcripts and recordings oral historians produce are much more valuable for analysis and critical interpretation.

Social scientists, sociologists, social workers,

all also use interview techniques in their research.

But again

interviews are not oral history until they become preserved, archived, and made accessible.

Because the goals of oral history are to provide verifiable historical documents from which future generations may learn about the past,

oral historians prefer not to record anonymous interviews.

Guaranteeing anonymity creates ethical and practical challenges.

One of the most distinguishable factors of oral history is what we call shared authority as developed by Michael Frisch.

Other episodes will discuss shared authority in more detail

but essentially

oral history allows narrators to shape the ways their stories are presented by editing transcripts or records and by asking them to sign

informed consent documents which gives permission for their testimonies to be archived and made available to others.

Shared authority means that an oral history interview is the product of a collaborative process between the interviewer and the narrator.

While an oral historian develops informed questions based from research, the responses to the questions are the memories, experiences,

and ideas of the narrator.

An experienced oral historian guides an interview with important research questions

while giving narrators space to answer the questions on their own terms, in their own time, and in their own ways.

This interview dynamic creates a shared authorship between the interviewer and the narrator.

Shared authority is central to the goals of oral history as it produces more inclusive history and values diverse experiences.

Michael Frisch defines shared authority as contributing to the interpretive aspect of doing oral history too.

Oral historians and narrators come together and provide a good advantage for understanding the meaning of experience

Informed consent is a legal document which states that a narrator voluntarily agrees to participate in an oral history project,

understands their interviews, recordings, documents, and photographs may be used for research, teaching ,or other scholarly uses, and

signs over the copyright either to the oral historian or the appropriate archive.

Pro tip:

always have narrators signed the informed consent document before beginning the interview.

Trying to obtain a signature later can lead to unforeseen problems.

Informed consent functions as both a copyright release and a participation agreement.

U.S. copyright law grants intellectual property rights to the narrator's of a recorded interview until at least 50 years after the person's death.

Archives require a legal release to make oral history collections available to others.

Similarly publishers will require a copyright release before publishing interviews.

Please note,

informed consent does not preclude narrators from using the oral histories in their own projects, such as any memoirs or documentaries.

Some narrators may become uncomfortable when explaining a copyright.

So explain to them before they sign that they are not signing away the rights to their life story.

Instead, they are allowing other people to learn from them.

Asking narrators to sign legal documents is probably the most necessary but least enjoyable part of the interview process.

Give the narrators space to read the document before they sign but explain the main parts of the document.

In addition to explaining the legal aspects of the document, ease any concerns by informing them that

1. They do not have to answer any questions that make them uncomfortable or incriminate them in any way,

Build rapport by suggesting that you do not typically ask questions intentionally making them uncomfortable

because oral history works on trust and mutual respect.

Be quick to take breaks.

As an oral historian

It is your responsibility to ensure that the narrator is comfortable.

Ask periodically if they would like to take a break or find a good moment to pause. Perhaps offer them water.

A narrator probably wouldn't engage in great storytelling if all they can think about is needing to use the restroom.

3

Narrators can end the interview at any time.

Giving absolute control to the narrator is necessary.

They may decide to no longer participate in the project. Honor their requests.

But do your best to ease any of their concerns and try to explain to them why their interview is so important.

These lessons will be discussed in greater detail and subsequent modules.

But narrators should be offered the opportunity to review any

materials and make any changes before the interviews are made accessible to others. This step is critical in the collaborative process.

Life Interviews Versus Research Focused Interviews

Oral history projects almost always must set limits on the scope of their topics and the number of interviews because oral history,

transcription, processing, and preservation can become very expensive.

Most oral historians operate on limited budgets, so they cannot afford to document a person's entire life story.

Most interviewers frame their questions to address a specific topic.

Nonetheless

because oral historians seek to provide future generations a useful record of the past and how people lived,

interviewers should attempt to expand the scope of questions to gain a fuller picture of a narrators life, their biographical details, and

important life events that shape people's views on the research topic

Why do Oral History?

Oral history operates from the underlying philosophy that researchers, professionals, and students can learn about their topic by listening to the perspectives and

documenting the experiences of people whose daily lives are shaped by their relationships to the topic.

Taking kind of a step back, I just want to ask a general question: Why do you oral history?

Well, you know

for me

the exciting thing about doing oral history is that in a very short period of time

I mean an hour or two, I have found time and again

perfect strangers are willing to share some of the most important

aspects of their personal history which often connects to a much larger

history. And to do it, you know, it really

in most cases, you know,

open and honest and direct way that, and I've always been interested in

the

history of

experience and the way ordinary people

have

responded to decisions made by the very powerful and how it's affected their lives. So if you're studying

war or economic disasters or immigration or almost any you know historical subject, the relationship between

the politics of

decision making and the

lived experience,

kind of sorting out the the consequences of those decisions. I don't know. There's not much that can do it better than oral history.

Into my next question, do you feel like your

approach to studying history using oral history, is

Defined or shaped your career, or the ways, or the questions you ask even, as a historian?

Yeah, there's no question that,

you know, when I

when I was an undergraduate in the 70s,

people talked about doing history from the bottom up. And that sort of quickly became a kind of cliche but it really was,

to me, a kind of an awakening. You know, it seemed that

any historical subject really was

possible and

potentially really important. And you know while there are other ways of getting at the history of

people who don't leave behind a lot of records,

if people are alive to bear witness to it,

that should be taken advantage of. Obviously, you can't do oral history if you're doing, you know, history that's

a hundred years in the past

So that's obviously a limit.

Do you,

can you think of any

insights into your academic research

fostered through oral history?

Well, one thing I would say in terms of the Vietnam War is

had I not

done oral history and relied more on the documentary record of the war,

I wouldn't have had nearly as profound an understanding of the ways in which the lived experience of

history can

so fundamentally

contradict the way the event is

described and explained and justified

by

you know, the people who are making the policy:

the policy makers in Washington, the generals that are enacting the policy. Now you could get some of that, of course, in

memoirs and

novels and journalism

Which many of them really deeply challenged these

sort of the official histories of the past.

But, you know, when you when you're doing a lot of interviews with a variety of people

you get in a much fuller, richer sense of the variety of perspectives.

So in other words, not just the way, you know, that experience contradicts official histories

but the variety of different ways in which people experience the past.

How is oral history unique?

Alessandro Portelli writes, "The first thing that makes oral history different, is that it tells us less about events than about their meaning.

This does not imply that oral history has no factual validity.

Interviews often reveal unknown events, or unknown aspects of known events.

They always cast new light on unexplored areas of the daily life of non hegemonic classes.

From this point of view, the only problem posed by oral sources, is that of verification.

What new insights do we gain from watching this oral history clip with the survivor of the Holocaust?

What can we learn?

Or all historians know that we can learn as much about the past by talking to people and trying to understand how events

impacted their lives.

Oral history can inform in more profound ways than simply reading about the past.

Oral history is both powerful and empowering

because it revolutionizes the way people understand the past by creating valuable primary source material and

reconsidering the experiences of diverse people throughout the past. Often working to create a more inclusive

understanding of history.

Don't look for the research gap in the literature. Look to the world and ask questions.

Then try to understand where those answers fit among the previous knowledge.

Learn to listen.

One of the greatest skills an oral historian can master is listening.

We are all inclined to respond to questions because that is the nature of human communication.

Oral historians must learn to silence their inner voice that wants to interject.

After all, narrators are the expert and you are there to learn from them.

Finally, this talent makes oral history artful and human.

Learn when and how to develop effective follow-up questions.

Follow-up questions are almost always improvised. It takes experience to learn when to ask a great follow-up question.

But this scale is developed by both preliminary research conducted before the interview paired with listening intently really listening to the narrator

Follow-up questions often foster Eureka moments.

For more infomation >> Episode 1: What is Oral History? - Duration: 16:13.

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Breakthrough Junior Challenge 2018 - What is heat? - Duration: 3:00.

For more infomation >> Breakthrough Junior Challenge 2018 - What is heat? - Duration: 3:00.

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What is VAR and when can it be used? How will it work at the World Cup? - Duration: 3:39.

GETTYWhat is VAR and when can it be used? WHAT IS VAR? The VAR is a match official who monitors video footage of the game for incidents that the on-pitch referee and his assistant referees might have missed

HOW WILL IT WORK AT THE WORLD CUP? A VAR, one of 13 FIFA qualified referees, and three assistants will monitor each of the 64 matches at the World Cup from an operations room in Moscow

 They will have access to the pictures from 33 broadcast cameras as well as two cameras dedicated to aiding offside decisions

Eight of the cameras will provide "super slow-motion" and four "ultra slow-motion" pictures

 Another dedicated camera will be installed behind each goal for the matches in the knockout stages of the tournament

Related articles World Cup commentator Martin Keown slammed after saying THIS Harry Kane goal: WATCH Kane put England ahead against Tunisia GETTYWhat is VAR and how will it work at the World Cup?WHAT DECISIONS WILL THE VAR REVIEW? The VAR will become involved only in the following instances: * Goals and offences leading up to a goal * Penalty decisions and offences leading up to a penalty * Direct red cards * Cases of mistaken identityCAN THE REFEREE REVIEW THE FOOTAGE? Yes, for some incidents, the referee will act on information from the VAR, in others they will view the footage at the side of the pitch

GETTYVAR was not used to rule on Kyle Walker's penalty incident against Tunisia The on-field review will take place in the following circumstances: * When a goal has been scored, in the case of a foul committed by an attacking player or for offside interference

 * On penalty decisions, for a foul leading up to penalty or a foul by an attacking player

 * All direct red card incidents. The referee will act on VAR advice in the following circumstances: * When a goal has been scored, to decide if a player was in an offside position leading up to the goal or if the ball had gone out of play leading up to the goal

 * On penalty decisions, to decide whether a foul was committed inside or outside the penalty area, if the ball had gone out of play leading up to penalty or if a player was in an offside position leading up to penalty

 * All cases of mistaken identity.