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>> Welcome everyone.
Please grab a seat,
and if you're not finding a seat here please --
our staff at the doorway will help you
to an overflow room spot where you'll be able
to hear and see everything.
Welcome to San Francisco State University Center for Estuary
and Ocean Science, the Romberg Tiburon Center.
Thank you so much for joining us tonight to listen and talk
with us about science.
It is especially inspiring right now as you may imagine
for our scientists, and especially
for our science students to see the great interest
in science and in our work.
Thank you so much for coming and supporting the work
that all scientists do tonight.
We're just really heartened to know that so many members
of our community are strong supporters
of the work that we do.
One of the important things that we do is transfer knowledge.
It's a critically important part of the scientific enterprise.
We expand the frontiers of knowledge by standing
on the shoulders of those who came before us, and I think many
of you have probably heard that little phrase before.
But we also transfer and translate science.
We spend a lot of time working on that.
We do that to solve problems, to develop new technologies,
to protect the things we value like the environment,
and we helped, we hope and help
to make the world a better place.
Science can do these things because it is iterative,
it is evidence-based and it is self-correcting.
That is the value of science.
Our public universities in particular, like this one
and like the one that our speaker works at,
play a critical role in science
and that critical transfer of knowledge.
We train the next generation of scientists, our students,
who are the people who are going to work for you
and discover new things in the future.
We make discoveries.
We solve problems.
We volunteer our expertise and our time in public service.
These are some of the hidden roles that I think a lot
of us scientists and professors do
that maybe the public doesn't fully appreciate how much time
we spend doing that.
But I know I'm preaching to the choir or you wouldn't,
we wouldn't all be here together tonight.
So we are very fortunate to be able
to provide this public forum for engagement
on environmental science, especially about the salty
and what parts of the environment that cover most
of the planet and influence our climate.
I want to acknowledge just the visionary endowment made
by Barbara and Richard Rosenberg that allow us
to bring you programs like this.
I also want to acknowledge the wonderful support that we got
from San Francisco State's leadership team.
Tonight we're very fortunate to have part
of that team here in the audience.
I want to acknowledge the presence of my Dean, my boss,
Keith Bowman of the College of Science and Engineering
at San Francisco State.
I want to acknowledge the first lady
of San Francisco State Phyllis Wong, our CFO,
our new CFO Ann Sherman.
And I think even our, let's see, where's Michael Scott?
He, maybe he went to the other room.
He's our research, head of our research office.
And so thank you all for being here.
Glad you're joining us.
We also have several community volunteers
from the Bayshore studies program with us tonight.
They are the newest members
of our science knowledge transfer team.
They've been serving the community
and leading local school kids on Bayshore science field trips
for decades now, and we're excited to be working with them.
If you think, I also want to make a plea.
If you think the work that we do here is important,
I ask you to consider making a donation.
We would very much welcome that.
Our students would welcome that.
And now without further ado,
I would like to introduce our speaker
for tonight Doctor Tessa Hill.
She is a scientist, she is an associate professor
and a Chancellor's fellow at UC Davis in the Department of Earth
and Planetary Sciences.
Her research lab is a Bodega Marine Labs.
So like a lot of us we have a dual existence, and so does she,
between a marine laboratory and our main campus.
She got her bachelors of science degree in Marine Sciences
from Eckerd College in Florida and a PhD in Marine Sciences
from UC Santa Barbara.
Her research interests include how climate change impacts
marine ecosystems in the past, in the present
and in the future, including temperature,
ocean acidification, ocean productivity and calcification.
And she'll tell you a little bit about some of these in her talk.
She's also a fellow of the California Academy of Sciences
and was awarded a presidential early career fellow pre-award,
excuse me, for scientists
and engineers last year by President Obama.
And she is also a AAAS Lesher public engagement fellow
in climate science.
So we're in for a treat.
Tessa Hill, take it away.
[ Applause ]
[ Silence ]
>> Oh, Joe, oh there we are.
Okay. Thank you so much for being here.
I've had an amazing day here,
with some really inspiring conversations
and I'm looking forward
to continuing those conversations with you now.
I am, oh God I turned this on too.
I'm here to tell you about ocean acidification
and how it's impacting the California coast.
And a first very important thing that I need to tell you is
that I'm here representing a group
of really excellent scientists at Bodega Marine Lab
who work on this problem.
So everything I tell you about today has been a team effort
and I'm just here representing the team.
And that team of scientists that I work with,
we've been working together for over a decade, about a decade
on this problem that is a very pressing problem in the ocean.
And you will also notice that I have a picture here of myself
with two very important small field assistants.
This is me, what I look like in normal life,
sampling at Vandamme State Park, one of my favorite places
on the California coast, and I'll actually show you data
from that day today in my talk.
I'm here to tell you a story essentially.
So tonight is about storytelling about the West Coast.
And the story has characters.
It has characters that are both people and animals.
It has a problem that needs to be solved,
and it has potential solutions.
We're working towards those solutions and I might have
to come back later and tell you more chapters of the story
as we resolve this problem.
But I hope that what you'll enjoy today is the story
of how this science has evolved in our neighborhood
and also how we can play a part in the solutions to the story.
In addition to touching on these three things,
I will try very hard to spend some time at the end
about what we can all do about this problem.
Before we can jump into that, before we can jump
into ocean acidification and what it means for us,
we have to set the stage of where we are in time.
And so I'm actually going to back out of this talk
and show you an animation, and anyone who's interested
in this I can show you the link for it as I back out.
I'm going to run this in just a second,
but to orient you first I'm going to show you sort of what's
to be happening on the screen.
So over here along the left you will see,
I can't get that little thing to go away,
but you will see the concentration of carbon dioxide
in our atmosphere as sampled through multiple locations
across the earth's surface.
And so for example this red location is here in Hawaii.
So that red dot will always reflect the carbon dioxide
that was measured in the air above Hawaii through time.
The blue dot similarly is a measurement station
in the Antarctic.
I'm going to move, I'm going to press play in just a minute
and the clock will move forward in time
and you'll see several different things and I can point
out some things to you.
But one of the things I wanted to point out is
that through time we will get more sampling stations.
So you'll see more dots appear on the screen
and they're plotted by latitude.
So these ones are in the southern hemisphere
and these are in the northern hemisphere
and this is the concentration of CO2 along here.
And then just for your reference,
over here it actually will plot just those two,
perhaps most important, some of the longest standing information
that we have about carbon dioxide.
The red and the blue dot will actually plot on their own,
on their own over here on the right.
And when we get to 2016 which is their most recent version
of this animation the screen will actually change
and will start moving backwards in time.
And then when that happens I'm going to orient you
to what the data look like as we move backwards in time.
So this is starting in 1979.
And so like I told you, you can observe a couple of things
about these data sets.
One is that we're adding sampling points.
We've been doing a better job
through time studying carbon dioxide in our atmosphere.
You're also seeing the seasonal signal of plants
across the earth's surface.
When we have a lot of photosynthesis
in the northern hemisphere during the northern hemisphere
summer those CO2 values actually go down.
The plants in the northern hemisphere are literally taking
that carbon dioxide out of the air.
So you're seeing that really large seasonal cycle
in the northern hemisphere and a smaller one
in the southern hemisphere.
There's more terrestrial area in the northern hemisphere,
so there's more of a seasonal signal there.
And by now I think you'll agree with me
that we are seeing very significant changes
from what we observed in 1979.
Around the year 2000 we start seeing spikes
above 400 parts per million
in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide.
At this point and you will see --
oh, I'll just point out what I pause there and I'll point
out to you that also you can see that large seasonal signal
in the red time series and smaller in the blue.
So again, that's Hawaii versus the Antarctic.
So around 2010 we started crossing the threshold over to
above 400 parts per million for much of the year.
And soon you will see the time series actually cross
above 400 parts per million and stay above there.
We have not gone back.
I happen to know there's actually an expert in the room
on the Pliocene, which is the last time
that we saw CO2 concentrations this high.
That was about 4 million years ago.
So, now we're going to start moving backwards in time.
So what happened here is that this,
the red data set is actually a little bit longer
than what was shown originally, so it extended it.
Now, what you're seeing is the addition of data from ice cores.
So this is a pretty amazing scientific feat.
We can go to ice in the Antarctic or in Greenland
or in mountain ranges around the world, we can take a sample
of the ice, we can figure out the age of the ice,
and we can measure a gas bubble in the ice,
and that tells us what the concentrations
of the atmosphere were at that age.
It is really remarkable.
It's essentially a time machine looking back in Earth's history.
So let me orient you here.
These were ice cores that were sort of very recent records
and we're now looking at an ice core
that scientific community has developed
through great effort in Antarctica.
This ice core actually extends back to about a million years.
We're not going to see all of that
on the screen today, but close.
And in a moment I'm going to pause this
because if I don't it goes to the credits
and we don't get to absorb this.
So now what we have is the context
of today's atmospheric CO2 concentrations compared
to what we see in ice cores going back
for nearly a million years.
What you're seeing there in the increase
and the decrease is essentially the heartbeat
of the Earth's climate system.
Those are ice ages and deglaciation.
So each time there was very low carbon dioxide concentrations we
were having an Ice Age across the Earth's surface.
When those convert up to very high CO2 concentrations we see
melting of much of the ice sheets
across the Earth's surface.
This is happened multiple times over the past million years due
to changes in the amount
of radiation we receive from the sun.
And these are very predictable changes
that scientists have known about
and mathematically predicted for a very long time.
So this is the context of how the Earth's climate has changed
in the past in terms of carbon dioxide concentrations,
and this is the context of where we find ourselves today.
And I will tell you, I've been studying climate change
for some time.
I've spent my career doing this.
I cannot show this without it feeling pretty sobering to me.
This -- you don't get numb to this.
This is the context that we live in, this is the problem
that we have to solve.
So with that we're going to move back to the ocean now.
So one of things I just showed you was this curve from Hawaii
that documented increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide over,
since 1957, essentially since this record began.
And it turns out we can go to Hawaii
and we can measure the carbon dioxide
in the ocean right next to that same site.
And the amount of carbon dioxide
in the seawater has also increased
with essentially the same slope.
The ocean is a tremendous sponge for carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is very soluble in seawater.
So as we increase what's
in the atmosphere the ocean just takes it up.
About thirty percent of what we put
in the atmosphere goes straight into the ocean.
And what I think some of you have probably heard about
and what is the topic of today is that,
as we add that carbon dioxide to seawater the actual chemistry
of the ocean begins to change.
And so this is a measured record of pH at the same site
that corresponds to an increase in carbon dioxide.
It corresponds to a predictable and set decrease in the acidity,
excuse me, decrease in the pH or an increase
in the acidity at the same site.
But before I go further on that,
this is where we get super into wonky chemistry.
So we're going to make this easy and fun.
So some of us really love chemistry, but I appreciate.
Okay. So ocean acidification is often called the other CO2
problem, or sort of the evil twin of climate change, right.
And for those of you in the room who love chemistry,
see I put the chemical equations up for you.
But if you don't that's okay.
We're going to tell you the essentials which is that,
there's a couple of different kinds of way that,
ways that carbon moves through the ocean.
And when we add a lot of CO2
from the atmosphere we're basically adding a weak acid
to the ocean.
It turns out that when we add that weak acid,
one of the other types of carbon, this one right here,
carbonate ion, actually we end up with less of it.
Since these different types of carbon occur in a ratio
to one another, if we add a lot of the acidic one we end
up with less of that carbonate ion.
And I'm going to tell you un just a few slides
that carbonate ion is what animals build their shells
out of.
So when we add carbon dioxide we increase the acidity
of the water, the carbonic acid in the water,
and we decrease the pH of the water.
So this is a great place where people start
to say, wait a minute.
I mean how, really how quickly could this really happen?
Is this even something that we can observe?
Is this an easy chemical reaction
that happens all that often?
And so we're actually going
to do a demonstration to show exactly that.
So I have an amazing assistant who is a scientist in my lab
at the Bodega Marine Labs.
This is Priya Shukla.
And the best part of this is that Priya and I are not going
to do the demonstration, you are.
So we need three volunteers who will help us demonstrate.
Wonderful, I have one.
You can come up here if you're a volunteer.
I have two.
I need a third.
Awesome. Okay.
Priya, let's do it.
So, yes. We're going to do dye.
So Priya is pouring a pH-sensitive dye.
I think that looks good and we could dilute
with a little bit of, this is water,
if you want to add a little bit of water.
She's putting a pH-sensitive dye into a cup.
This is literally, the color of the dye changes
with the pH of the water.
And this is just an regular old tap water.
There's nothing fancy about this.
And if any of you are teachers out this, out there,
you can actually make dye like this
at home using vegetable dye, and you can do this
in your classroom, so it's very cool.
Tiny bit of water.
Okay.
You can put more if you want but I think that's good.
Okay. So we're going to have you guys spread out so that,
like we were spread out around the rooms,
people can see what you're doing.
And the most important part of my instructions are
that you are to exhale not inhale.
Okay. So but before you do
that let's review a basic chemical concept.
When we, we breathe oxygen in and when we breathe
out we are breathing out carbon dioxide.
So what we are doing in front of you today is exactly the process
that I just described to you.
We are going to bubble carbon dioxide into a cup of water
that is currently purple because the cup of water is a pH
of what, about 8.067 says Priya, with great precision [laughter].
I'm not sure we're going to have that level precision
at the end of the experiment.
But, okay.
So folks, hold up your cup so people can see it and see
if you can bubble into it.
This is the best part of my talk [laughter].
You should walk around with your cup a little bit
so they can see it in the back.
Yeah. It is now a crazy sort
of yellowy orange cough syrup color.
So if you were to ask me really what is the timescale
that this is, this process is happening on, you just saw it.
We just saw a visual representation
of pH change in tap water.
I admit I made it slightly easier for myself
by bringing tap water instead of seawater.
Thank you so much to our volunteers, that was perfect.
[ Applause ]
But, okay.
So the bottom line is that this process moves very quickly.
The ocean is in equilibrium with the atmosphere,
just like those cups are now in equilibrium
with the human breath, okay.
Alright. So now we get to really dig in on the science
because we've all fallen in love with the chemistry.
We live in an amazing place, along the coast of California.
This is a, on this black-and-white map here you can
see this current, called the California current.
It, for most of the year most
of the time is a southward flowing current
that brings cold water from the high latitudes further south.
We can actually visualize that current from space.
We can take pictures of it from satellites.
This is an image of sea surface temperature as derived
from satellites along the coast of California,
and we have this ribbon of cold nutrient-rich water
that moves along the coast.
Part of the reason why that water is so amazing
and brings nutrients which are basically sort
of like fertilizer to the whole California system is
that we have a process called upwelling
on the California coast.
Perhaps you've heard about this.
When the wind blows
in a particular direction along the California coast,
it actually pushes water offshore and it pulls
up cold nutrient-rich water from below.
And so we can actually see some places
where the water looks particularly dark blue and cold,
and those are probably places
where that water is coming up from below.
It turns out that, that water that's coming
up from below has been kind of living in the deep sea
for a long time, where there's been a lot
of organisms doing exactly what we just demonstrated
in front of you.
A lot of organisms breathing into it, a lot of carbon dioxide
from breakdown of dead animals and breathing animals.
And because of that, it's sort of naturally acidic.
And I'm going to show you an image of that.
So this is a research cruise that went out along the coast
and actually looked at the acidity of the seawater,
and they did this in 2006, it was a group from NOAA.
And the color bar tells you the depth of the water
where that naturally acidic water,
that water that was coming
up from the deep sea is up at the surface.
And so in each place
where there's a red blob we are seeing some
of that natural process bring sort
of corrosive acidic water up from the deep-sea.
It's pretty cool process.
It's a pretty cool interesting place to study.
But it sort of begs the question, if this place
that we live in, this special place that has upwelling,
if it is naturally acidic for part of the year
when these special winds blow, what will happen in the future?
What happens when we put the human fingerprint
on top of that process?
And this is the answer that we have from models,
is an image like this.
Again, the colors are very, very similar, so the location
of that acidic water being at the surface is denoted by reds.
And what you see is that the predictions is
that by the year 2050, because of the human influence
on this system we will see those acidic waters bathing the
California coast for over half of the year.
So rather than being this sort of seasonal process that happens
in pockets, when we put the human acidification on top
of that system we end up with a system that's kind of acidic
and corrosive and stressful to animals for much of the year.
Okay. I told you I would tie this back
to how animals make their shells.
So you're going to see and hear a couple of terms.
In this talk we already talked about pH and CO2.
The last term that I'm going to add is one
that is called saturation state.
And this purely just tells us whether we would predict whether
an animal will be able to make its shell
or whether a shell would dissolve.
And so if the saturation state is below one we would predict
the shell will dissolve.
If the saturation state is about one we would say, okay,
that animal can probably make its shell pretty easily.
And that is because things like oysters, muscles, coral, snails,
all those things with hard parts,
they use two building blocks out of seawater to make their shell,
calcium and carbonate ion.
And remember I told you, carbonate ion is the one
that we end up with less of under these acidic conditions.
So here's a handy key to help you remember.
When we have high pH or not very acidic conditions.
So we have high saturation state,
this little symbol right here.
We have plenty of building blocks in the water,
plenty of things for organisms to make their shells out of.
When we have low pH we haven't changed the calcium so much.
What we've done is we've made carbonate ion less available,
so it's harder for organisms to make their shells.
We've made it so that the building blocks
in seawater are harder for those organisms to get to.
Okay. So far I've painted this picture
with a lot of complexity.
So we have a lot of variability along the coast.
We have this sort of naturally amazing oceanographic system.
We have a human system that's imprinting on top of that,
and so how do we tackle this.
So what I'd like to do in the next
about twenty minutes is give you some insight
into how we've tackled this problem.
The first thing that you'll hear from me is
that we've made a real attempt to integrate knowledge
from the field and the lab.
So I'm going to show you a little bit of data that we got
from the field and a little bit of results from the lab.
Our research group has really, we really believe
that we have to integrate both.
We need to know what's happening out there in the ocean today
and we also need to be able to make some predictions
about what might happen in the future.
And the other thing is that we've done a lot of listening.
And so our research group has gotten in a great habit
of sitting down with other people, with state agencies,
with federal agencies, with members
of the aquaculture groups in California, with rest,
people who are working on a restoration efforts,
and we have conversations
about how this problem is going to impact them.
And so you will hear in my talking
and in my slides today the real influence of the people
around us in our community on these research questions.
Okay. So a first sort of question I wanted to ask
and answer is about these big geographic patterns
in acidification, so I showed you that map
with the little pockets of upwelling.
But a lot of us in this community started to wonder,
if you're an organism living right on the shore,
if you're a muscle or an oyster or a sea urchin,
how do you experience these patterns right up to the shore.
And to answer that we actually have to study the ocean right
up against the shore in order
to understand how acidification is playing out.
And so we started developing a time series of forty-seven sites
in the three Western states and we,
for five years we sampled them every six months.
And we would deploy teams
to essentially sample these sites somewhat instantaneously.
So we would sample all forty-seven
of them in less than a week.
So we were gathering sort of a snapshot in time
of how organisms along the shore were experiencing those pockets
of corrosive water or not so much.
And that is in fact the image from the start of my talk
with my kids, is from one of the sites
that I was sampling during these big blitzes of fieldwork.
What we did is that we took elements of these data, and we,
what we worked with our federal agency colleagues
to actually mesh them with that earlier map that I showed you.
So we took all the data from NOAA
who had been collecting those big oceanographic surveys
offshore and we basically meshed all
of our coastal work with them.
And so what you have now is in a really detailed map with many,
many, many sites, our forty-seven sites plus NOAA had
about fourteen additional sites plus an additional NSF survey
that had like ten additional sites.
So we have all these sites along the coast
that were essentially hit, oh, excuse me, at the same time.
And what we see, this is I think pretty cool,
and one of my colleagues captured this very nicely
when she said, you know, when we look
at ocean acidification along the California coast it's not a
blanket, it's a patchwork quilt, and how an organism is going
to see these low pH waters is going to be impacted
by where they are in the patchwork quilt.
And so I'll just point out to you that our location
on this patchwork quilt in Northern California is
that we find ourselves, depending on where you are
as an organism along the shore, you may find yourself in one
of these red blobs that actually is not particularly low
in pH right now.
But you might find yourself just a little bit up the coast,
at sort of the end of this big mass of water
that is already quite acidic.
So the organisms living along the shore are already
experiencing that very stressful water already.
So what does that mean for the future?
So we have focused on species
that can be found widely distributed along the West Coast
of the US in the lab.
We have raised them under sort of time machines in the lab
where we can actually dial in today's CO2 concentrations
and future CO2 concentrations and maintain animals in the lab
in those two different scenarios for weeks to months.
And this is an image of what one of those setups look like.
And so I'm just going to show you just a few snippets
of the kinds of messages that we get out of this.
One is, this is one of the very first animals that we worked on.
This is the Olympia oyster, our native oyster on the West Coast
of the US, and I love these.
One of the really nice things
about these beautiful organisms is that,
this is a juvenile oyster shell under a microscope.
So juvenile is kind of like a teenager oyster,
and you can actually see the larval shell
that it made when it was a baby.
And when they're babies, they're actually floating
around in the water column.
And then they have a cue that tells them, okay, it's time,
it's time to become a teenager.
So they go down to the bottom and they actually attach
to the bottom and they begin to grow their larval shell,
and we can actually see both in this image.
And what happens in the high CO2 treatments is that we see
about a fourteen percent decrease in the size
of the oysters, and then, at the larval stage of the baby stage.
And then interestingly for the juveniles, what happens is
that even if we remove them from the high CO2 treatment
and we put them back in nice easy to live
in water they actually still see about a thirty
to forty percent decrease in size.
So what we learned from this is
that what these organisms experience in terms of stress,
ocean acidification stress, if they experience it
for just a week or two at the beginning
of their life it impacts much of their life.
And we've tracked them for about four to six months
in anyof these experiments and we see the same trend,
so that the stress from that low pH water at the very beginning
of their life had a big impact.
Similarly, for the California muscle, we end up with muscles
that are smaller and weaker.
They break more easily.
And I'll just point out for many of you
who might have walked along the shore recently, muscles
and oysters are what we call foundation species.
They actually make a home for a whole bunch of other animals,
and any time you walk along a muscle bed
in California you can see that, there's a whole bunch
of other things living on and within them.
And so if we see weaker organisms, smaller organisms,
more susceptible to breaking, that's going to have sort
of a domino effect on this amazing Northern
California ecosystem.
I'm actually going to skip that one and go straight
to this about food webs.
This is some recent work that we did,
and I've also combined some other folks' work on this slide.
We've actually been raising these teeny tiny organisms
called Foraminifera.
They're essentially one cell with a shell around them
and they build these beautiful spines coming off of them.
They are about the size of a grain of sand.
They float around in the water column
and other things eat them.
And in the lab when we raise them
under these future conditions,
they don't make as much of a shell.
They reduce how calcified their shell is,
and they also won't rebuild their shell
if it's been injured.
Similarly, some other tiny shells that float
in the water column,
other people have shown these beautiful,
they're called Terapods.
They're basically a swimming snail, again, very small,
floating around the water column.
These things are a favorite food of things like salmon.
These also see their shells dissolve
under high CO2 treatments.
And the favorite prey-item
of our whale populations krill also exhibit slower growth.
So you end up with smaller animals under high CO2.
So what we're seeing is not just things
that we might enjoy along the shore oysters and muscles
and things like that, those are being impacted.
But also sort of the base of the food web for a lot
of organisms out on our shore.
So what will the future hold?
Well, often times when I'm asked
to answer this question I say there will be winners
and losers, and we're still sorting out who is who.
I've just shown you some examples
of some very clear potential losers in this.
However, there probably are things
that will actually do well under high CO2.
For example, I've shown you an example here of sea grasses
that may actually be able to take advantage
of the higher CO2 environment.
They are using photosynthesis,
so they're actually pulling carbon dioxide out of the water.
A lot of our tide pools are also covered by algae
that may also do just fine under these conditions.
And there are certainly other invertebrates
that actually will be okay as well.
But I would say there's a fair amount of concern about things
that make shells, so things with hard parts.
Okay. So we got through the first, you know,
three main parts of the story, and I promised you time to talk
about solutions, and so that's where we're going to move now.
And in terms of solutions I want to tell you sort
of three examples of the way that we have tackled thinking
about ways forward for ocean acidification locally.
And the first is something that I'm very proud of,
and that is that we've been working very closely
with the aquaculture community in California.
We started a partnership
with Hog Island Oyster Company almost five years ago.
And in Tomales Bay we have been working together
to monitor conditions in Tomales Bay and understand
that both the natural cycles
that I've been telling you about,
but also how ocean acidification is going to proceed there.
And a major outcome of that has been that we now have a site,
a study site in Tomales Bay that is funded by NOAA,
that all of the data are being made publicly available.
Anyone can go online and see them at any time and learn
about how carbon dioxide and temperature
and salinity are varying in Tomales Bay.
And this is part of a network of sites that NOAA is trying
to build out along the coast.
So there will be many other stations like this.
And I actually want to pause for a minute and give a chance
to Terry Sawyer, who is the co-owner
of Hog Island Oyster Company to stand up.
I think we have a mike here for you Terry,
and just say a few words about sort
of how this partnership has worked and the importance
of partnerships and how it is helped us see ways forward.
>> Do you hear me?
Okay.
>> Yeah.
>> Yes, you can.
So this is a story.
It's a qualified success story because the interaction
of academia and private sector is really what we're talking
about here.
That, we're sitting there at meetings and we're listening
to all the problems and we're looking at each other and going,
wait, we, we're there, we can work together here.
And as far as that goes, collaboration
in this case is going to lead
to hopefully developing not only the data points here
in this example, Tomales Bay.
We've got another location in Humboldt Bay that we're going
to be installing in June hopefully
if everything goes right.
And within that, that's a part of that network
that these data points is so can get more data points like this.
This is information, it's a result of this collaboration,
that hopefully we can go to policymakers and be able
to say here are the facts, this is what we're seeing.
And we're seeing them in estuaries
which are pretty complicated relative to open ocean,
and trying to understand those interactions.
And it's been a real learning process for me,
and it's also helping to drive a kind of a wave
of activism that's going on in the aquaculture industry,
that this is what we're seeing.
We have to be the messengers.
We have to determine the language in order
to work together with academia, and go go talk
to some important people on a hill.
>> That's right.
Thank you Terry.
>> That's it.
[ Applause ]
>> One of the amazing things about this partnership
that we have built is that it is a great engine
for research ideas.
And in fact Terry and I just sat last week
and I think generated enough ideas to last us
for like another decade on what we might want to do together.
So one outcome of that is that at some point Terry
and I were sitting there talking and he and I, I'm not sure
who started the conversation, but someone said,
I wonder if there are things that could help along the coast.
Maybe some of these organisms that are using photosynthesis,
could we harness them to actually help us locally
in terms of ocean acidification.
And so one of the things we are deeply invested in at this point
as a research group, this is funded
by both California Sea Grant as well as the state,
is to understand whether these amazing seagrass meadows
in Tomales Bay as well as six other estuaries
in the state of California.
They are pulling carbon out of the seawater.
That carbon via photosynthesis ends up in the blades
and the roots of the plant itself,
and the sediments below the seagrass actually end
up trapping some of that carbon long-term.
And so we're, people are starting to really look
at this as, what if on a very small scale, at the scale
of an estuary or the scale
of an aquaculture farm could we harness our photosynthetic
friends in actually capturing and removing some
of this carbon dioxide.
It does not solve the global problem at all
but it may buy us some time or buy us some carbon storage
for the state of California.
So I'm hoping I can come back and tell you the next chapter
in that story when we actually have results on just how much
of a role these sea grasses are playing
in trapping and storing carbon.
Another sort of solution or success story that I want
to tell you about is the amazing leadership
that the West Coast states have played in this problem.
And we should all be very proud to be part of a place
that has been on the forefront of tackling this problem.
And one example of that, just one example, is the outcomes
of the West Coast ocean acidification and hypoxia panel.
This was a group of twenty scientists who served
at the request of the three Western states for two years.
I served on this panel.
And we did a lot of work to summarize the state
of the science for our state policymakers
and also develop a list
of recommended actions and paths forward.
And I'm very proud to tell you that our states,
all three of the Western states, have really embraced action
and activity on this issue.
And any role that we can play in encouraging them to do
so I think is a great thing.
So some of those paths forward are up here.
To utilize a regional approach.
So I started off this talk showing maps
of the whole West Coast.
It's an oceanographic system.
We can't actually think about this as just a problem
for our state, but it's a problem for our whole region.
We have to address climate change and acidification
as an integrated process.
So you might have noticed
that I actually never used the word climate change,
I don't think, until this point.
But implicit in this entire discussion has been
that the problem is caused by the exact same process,
greenhouse gas emissions.
Also, we encourage the states to encourage scientists
to get involved in work that is directly tied to the needs
of policymakers, managers and stakeholders.
And you've heard about some of that science
from my perspective tonight.
And also to develop novel partnerships,
and that partnerships may be our way forward in this.
That, scientists and industry, scientists and policymakers,
these partnerships that are working at the interface
between the science of ocean acidification
and the problem-solving of ocean acidification is right
where we want to be.
And we want to encourage those.
So I want to, before I close I want to leave you
with just a couple of statements
that I'm hoping you will take home from this talk.
The first thing is that, there will be variability in response.
This is not a blanket, it's a patchwork quilt, right.
It's a complex environment.
There will be winners and losers in terms of the organisms.
But the ones that we know so far that are losers are things
that we care deeply about.
Also, monitoring our ocean.
Keeping eyes and ears and thermometers and instruments
in the ocean is both critical to document the problem but also
to respond to the problem.
So we don't want to be in a position
where we're just watching this as it passes us by.
We want to be able to make decisions,
and to do that we have to study the ocean.
I hope you'll support me in that.
Again, circling back to novel partnerships,
we are trying very hard to build a network of people and places
that will track this process along the US West Coast.
And NOAA and the integrated ocean observing system has
really embraced that.
And Hog Island Oyster Company and I
and our team have established one of these nodes
of about a dozen sites on the US West Coast
that are tracking this problem for the public
and for policymakers to see.
And then finally, I'll just say every day we make decisions
that influence the trajectory of this problem.
Every day we get up and we make decisions about driving to work
and what we're and eat and what we're going to buy.
All of those things add up to the very first couple of slides
that I showed you at the beginning of this talk.
This problem is not only tractable, it is solvable,
and it is solvable by us by the decisions that we make.
And I will just tell you a short anecdote that when I talk
about the policy process in my undergraduate class,
I asked them recently a question,
who are the decision-makers?
Who makes decisions about the ocean
in the state of California?
And in my head I was thinking they should say state agencies
and legislators and staffers.
And the very first student raised his hand and I said,
you know, yes Brandon, what do you have to say.
And he said voters, voters are decision-makers.
And I said cheers to that, because that is absolutely true.
We make decisions that affect the trajectory of this problem.
And so I will really, really close with picture of my kids
and tell you that people ask me a lot if I am optimistic
about this or how I maintain optimism about this.
And I absolutely am.
I just told you the problem is absolutely solvable.
We are able to solve this problem and I'm going
to add one additional piece of information that,
for a long time climate scientists would stand in front
of a group like this and say we should solve this problem
for these people, for future generations,
it's our responsibility.
And I'm going to change that for you today, and I'm going
to say we should solve this problem for us,
because this problem is progressing at a rate
that is impacting the ocean that we see and the food that we eat
and our relationship with this coastline.
So yes, absolutely solve it for these people, but I'm going
to encourage you to be selfish and join me in trying
to tackle this problem also for us in our lifetimes.
Thank you very much.
>> Thank you Tessa.
Thank you for inspiring us with optimism.
We at, for those of you who have been here before,
you know that we pause now and we invite a couple
of our wonderful graduate students
to interview the speaker and then we will open the floor
up for question-and-answer period from all of you.
Okay, great.
We have two of our Masters students here.
To the right there we have Karen [inaudible],
and Karen is a graduate,
second year graduate student Masters candidate
in Doctor Ellen Hinds lab.
And she is studying the impact of climate change
on harbor seal habitat, and she's doing
that using some long-term records collected by people
like you who make observations and record them,
Colette [assumed spelling] citizen science
and she's also working with some novel modeling techniques.
So, welcome Karen.
We also have Medadel Abigaz [assumed spelling]
and she is a second-year graduate student
in Jonathan Stillman's laboratory,
and she is studying something called a porcelain crab
or several species of porcelain crab.
And she's looking at how being
in really crowded conditions affect their reproduction.
And I think that is related a little bit
to the crowding we expect they may experience as they get kind
of squeezed from climate change impact.
So that Medadel and Karen, they will be your interviewers.
>> Okay.
>> Thank you for that fantastic talk, I really enjoyed it,
and I'm sure most of the audience did as well.
So I wanted to start asking you about the quality of work
that most of us scientist are trying to accomplish,
and I asked you about how funding these sources that most
of us depend on to address a lot
of these environmentally pressing issues,
how you see us scientists adapting to the changes
that we're going to see as far as funding cuts are, you know,
that we are facing and how you see us adapting to that
to perform quality work and committing to science.
>> Okay. So I think I'll provide a little bit of context and say
that everything that you just saw I should tell you
who funded it.
That was up on the screen at some point or another but all
of that work has been funded by NOAA, California Sea Grant,
the state of California and the National Science Foundation.
And so those federal agencies NOAA and NSF
in particular have certainly been under threat
and there are certainly some indications
that there would be decreases in the funding levels
to those agencies in the future.
That is not set in stone.
So I think the first answer to your question is
that people should be speaking up for the importance
of supporting science in this country.
It's not a done deal that we would be seeing funding
cuts necessarily.
I think the second answer to your question is that we will
as a scientific community, we will have to work very hard
at building new partnerships, perhaps with state agencies
or private foundations to maintain the pace
and the quality of science that we have in this country.
And so I think that people will get very creative
and will probably build new bridges and advocate for funding
through other mechanisms.
But I'll also, I want to sort of end that question
by saying that, that funding is only a piece of my concern
about federal divestment from science.
And so in addition to funding these agencies there's actually
a lot of agencies that are concerned at this point
that they won't be able to hire scientists.
And so we also would see science
at federal agencies suffer under that scenario.
So it's not purely about money, it's also about money,
it's not purely about money.
It is about jobs and progress and innovation
at our agencies and problem-solving.
And so I, for me I try to focus a little bit less
on the dollar amount, the bottom line,
and more about the symbolism
of supporting science in the United States.
That was a long answer to your question [inaudible].
>> Thank you.
>> There's been some really rapid advances
in research technology, particularly in instrumentation
and computational methods.
I was wondering which of these advances do you feel have been
most useful for studying ocean acidification and are there any
that you are skeptical
of in their current state of development?
>> This a great question.
So the science of ocean acidification has really been
hindered by the cost of equipment to study it.
And it's a science that I would really like,
one of the things I've always really wanted
to do is develop sort of a citizen science network
to tackle this particular problem.
And the problem isn't interest.
The problem is that it's hard to get instrumentation
into people's hands because of the cost
and the highly technical nature
of the measurements that you're making.
And so I would say I don't think there's a technology
that I'm skeptical of, but I would say our progress
in being able to study this problem
and understand this problem has absolutely been held back
by the cost of equipment and the ability to simplify equipment
so that a lot of people can use it.
>> I wanted to talk a bit about how you talked about engaging
and making new partnerships, and we've already seen
that you do some exiting work at in Tomales Bay
with the Hog Island Oyster Company.
What opportunities do you see to expand interactions
between private enterprise and environmental research
and also impacts that you see as far as funding streams go.
What kind of impacts do you see that having on the field?
>> Yes. So I think that this is an area
that we can do a lot more in.
And I think, you know, I was, I gave a talk here earlier today
to mostly students and faculty and I really made a plug
for trying to build new bridges and new partnerships as a way
that we can do very interesting science.
And so, you know, I think the interesting thing
about a scientific problem like this from my perspective is
that it really exists in a scientific sweet spot,
because ocean acidification allows me
to ask really interesting scientific questions
about how the ocean works and how organisms work.
But those questions also have relevance for people trying
to make decisions or have a business along the coast or plan
for the future of the coast.
And so what an amazing gift to be able to be a scientist
where you can work at this interface
where the scientific questions are extremely rich
and they also are important to other people.
And I guess I would encourage other scientists to think
about that amazing space, the space of working in science
that feels both fundamental
and societally relevant at the same time.
>> In California last fall fisheries representatives
and scientists worked together and were successful
in advancing some legislation
after protecting [inaudible] habitat and for establishing
that science advisory task force.
How can we best continue to leverage economic interest
to garner future environmental legislative support?
>> That's great.
So I think this is a really great question and it gets
at the heart of I think how we're going to make progress
on this issue, which is that we have to get to a place
where we can talk about ocean acidification and climate change
in a way that gets at how it impacts people along the coast.
How is it going to impact the food on our plates
and our small businesses and our coastal resilience
and people living along the coast
and recreating along the coast and fishing.
And when we start to think about that human elephant, element,
not the elephant but the element.
Those of you live tweeting cannot Tweet the
elephant [laughter].
When we start to think about the human element
in ocean acidification, that is where, but I mean it sort
of gets at the other question that we were asking about.
And that is where we have this space where people start
to work together and we problem-solve,
and this mike is dying, you got it Joe [laughter] problem-solve
and think, I think about solutions
and economic solutions.
And so getting at your question, I think that's
when people are then motivated to call the state legislature
and say we want you to do something
about this problem, it's impacting us.
And that's an important place to get to.
>> I want to talk a little bit about relating
to the talk you gave today.
We know that ocean acidification,
we find that it's a global issue and due
to regional oceanographic patterns
such as upwelling we know that the West Coast is going
to be a little bit more sensitive to the impacts of it.
What local actions do you think we can take
to mitigate these impacts and what do you see as the key roles
of citizens and environmental scientists in these efforts?
>> Great questions.
So I'm going to borrow again from a colleague of mine
that I think has a really nice answer to this question,
and this is my college John Largier
who is at Bodega Marine Lab.
And he at some point said, you know, when we know
that there is a flu epidemic coming we do things
to prepare our population for the flu epidemic.
We tell people to stay home from work when they're sick
or to wash their hands extra times or go get the flu vaccine.
It's something that we know ahead of time that's coming.
And ocean acidification is much like that,
it is a train coming down the tracks.
And so we should be thinking
about building resilience along the coast.
We should be making smart decisions about the ocean
and removing every other possible stressor knowing
that this one is coming.
And so what that means is really smart management
of our fisheries, things
like marine protected areas are excellent for that,
really careful management of pollution headed to the coast
so that we don't have nutrients, nutrient pollution headed
to the coast on top of this problem,
thinking about plastic pollution in the ocean
and invasive species in the ocean.
The way we build resilience is to pull out as many
of the other stressors as possible.
And while we're doing that we tackle the fossil fuel problem,
because there is no other way to solve this.
This is, the reason why this is a global problem is
that it's fundamentally tied to our carbon dioxide emissions.
So we can do a lot of things to buy ourselves time
and build resilience, but in the meantime we have
to make progress on the bigger harder issue at the same time.
>> Last one then.
You said in your talk that you are hopeful,
which was great I think for a lot of us in the room to hear.
This is a particularly tough time
for science and for scientists.
So I wanted to ask, what keeps you inspired,
what keeps you motivated, and maybe a fun tack on at the end,
what future research project are you most excited about?
>> Okay. Interesting.
So I can, the one that keeps me motivated
and excited is very easy, and that is my students.
So I have the great pleasure of, a key element
of my job is interacting with amazing undergraduate
and graduate students every day
and they asked me really hard questions just
like you are asking me right now.
And they, I may not know how
to put it any other way other than as a professor.
I don't think you can stand in front of a room of eighteen
to twenty something-year-olds and tell them about this
and not say, like, clearly we're going to fix this,
because we can't leave it the way it is.
So, yeah, I mean my students give me a lot of optimism
and hopefully I do the same for them.
So next exciting research project,
that's hard because there's so many really amazing things.
But, okay, I'll mention one.
I'm doing work with Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary right
offshore here and we're starting to really dig in and think
about how ocean acidification and climate change is impacting
from the surface to the deep on the bank.
And it's a really, it's a really fascinating
and beautiful environment to work in.
And I get to work, again, with amazing people
at the National Marine Sanctuary who are really thinking
about managing our ocean and making smart decisions
for our ocean for the future.
>> Thank you very much.
>> Alright.
Well I hope you're warmed up with questions.
We're going to open the floor up.
I think I have a couple of students or staff,
so they're going to bring microphones over to you.
And I'm going to let Tessa pick from those of you
who raised your hands, and we'll help you out.
>> You had the graphic show the correlation between CO2
in the atmosphere and the pH in the water.
Do we have data that shows the correlation
between ocean warming and ocean acidification.
Do they move in lockstep or are they two different processes
or something in-between.
>> It's a wonderful question.
So we absolutely do have that.
So I should have mentioned earlier
that the ocean acidification piece of that has been studied
for a much shorter period of time than the ocean warming has.
So we have very long records that we can look
at to see how the ocean has warmed, excuse me,
over the past several decades, even fifty years and longer.
If you had asked me ten years ago what the average pH was
offshore California, no one could've told you
because no one was measuring it.
So we are just starting to build out that knowledge base.
But we do, there are a few places in the world
where you actually can compare both of them.
And it's quite complicated actually
because as the ocean warms it actually holds less gas.
So this is a concept we learned in high school, believe it
or not, it's called Henry's law, the solubility
of gas, gases in water.
And as the temperatures warm they actually exhale a little
bit of that gas.
And so what's going to happen in the future for the ocean is
that the oceans will warm and in terms
of equilibrium it will actually be able to hold
on to less of that gas.
But we continue to put carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
So as long as we're increasing the pressure
of that carbon dioxide in the atmosphere some
of it will continue to go into the ocean.
Another way to phrase that is that,
the sink for carbon dioxide in the ocean, that thirty percent
that gets soaked up will weaken with time.
The ocean will absorb less of it with time, but probably not
on the timescales I just told you about.
For decades we will be in sort of the same scenario
that I showed you today.
So that interaction between CO2
and temperature will influence the acidification of seawater
but not in the near-term.
Great question.
>> Oh yeah, there was something up here, yeah.
[ Inaudible ]
>> So you are asking about the trajectory
for ocean acidification in the deep sea or,
yes, okay, great question.
So basically through enough time, meaning decades
to centuries, that signal
from the surface ocean will transmit into the deep.
And so when we think about model predictions
of acidification the surface ocean sees all
of this carbon first, but it ends up mixed into the deep sea,
again, over decades to centuries.
And so we see a, an impact, a similar impact
over a longer timescale in the deep sea.
It's interesting, the deep see is a really interesting place
to work because compared to the surface ocean,
sees very little variability.
So you can imagine that if you're a 1000 or 2000 meters
into the deep sea you don't see a lot of temperature variability
at all, and you don't see a lot of CO2 or pH variability.
It's pretty enriched with carbon dioxide because of
that process I was telling you about earlier
with all those things breathing and degrading,
but it doesn't change all that much over time.
And so there's a fair amount of concern
that for the deep sea the big issue is not sort of the size
of that signal or when it will arrive,
but that it is changing all be a very new, a very new condition,
evolutionarily speaking, for organisms in the deep sea
who probably have not seen very much temperature
or carbon dioxide variability in their evolutionary history.
>> I know this is big eccentric, but I was wandering
if there was any move by scientists to try
and convince the red states that they're part of the problem,
part of the solution, because that's
where the funding is coming from or disappearing from.
>> Yes. So I will give you one excellent example of that
which I would encourage all of you to look into
and rally around, which is the climate solutions caucus.
And this is a caucus that is advocate advocating
for essentially economic incentives
to reduce carbon emissions.
So it's sort of a fee/rebate system.
So high users or emitters of carbon dioxide would pay a fee
but then those fees would actually be returned to us
as the American public, so it's a revenue neutral proposal.
Because of that it has garnered a fair amount
of Republican support and the caucus is required
by their rules to bring on bipartisan support.
So there are currently I believe, someone can correct me
in the audience if I'm wrong on this,
but it's something approaching fifty members of this caucus,
I think it's forty-eight members maybe.
And they are evenly split
between Republicans and Democrats.
There are many Democrats who want to join the caucus
and they're limited by Republicans.
So one of our jobs is to reach out to people that we know
in districts and say, hey, we should talk about climate change
in your district and call your Congressman
or your Congresswoman about the climate solutions caucus.
>> Great.
>> So you spoke about the oysters tonight,
and at China Camp monitoring
of the oysters there has demonstrated
that during lengthy rainfall events
that they're seeing oyster die offs.
Did you observe that this winter at the Tomales Bay site as well?
>> That's a excellent question.
So I know the scientists are involved in that study
and I wish that I could ask them for an answer
to that question right now, because I don't actually know
if we've seen an Olympia oyster die off in Tomales this winter.
I'm looking at Terry and he's saying perhaps not.
Yeah. Yeah.
I mean it is, it's really, this is a really interesting problem
to think about, because one of the predictions
from the climate science data is that California would spend,
in the future, will spend more time
in drought-like conditions or drier conditions.
That doesn't mean a permanent drought
but they will spend fractionally more time in those kinds
of conditions, but have an increased incidence
of these very large atmospheric river-like storms,
so essentially receiving a lot of our precipitation
in a narrow window of time compared
to time periods of the past.
And so this absolutely has impacts
for organisms living along the shore who, again,
probably evolved under different circumstances.
>> You mentioned in terms of, you know,
mitigating coastal sites, like for aquaculture, oyster growing,
that a biological solution which would be use plants
like seagrass to reduce the CO2 concentrations.
Has anyone thought about a chemical solution
which you would add,
just powdered limestone, calcium carbonate.
It would be very cheap I think.
>> Yes. So people are absolutely toying with those solutions.
I will sort of make two comments on them.
One is that they're very localized
in impact and very temporary.
And so we would find ourselves in a situation
where we were constantly trying to add alkalinity to the ocean
which is perhaps maybe sustainable on a,
in a very scale, a very small bay
but probably not sustainable beyond that.
I also think that, sort of the broader question
about geo-engineering which that might fall under,
is that we have to be really careful as we're pursuing
that as options which may be options we need to look at,
that they are not energy intensive.
So right now a lot
of the geo-engineering solutions actually require a fossil fuel
energy source to get us to the geo-engineering space.
And so obviously we need to have a net positive here, right.
So we need geo-engineering solutions that are not tied
to a lot of consumption of energy.
>> Hi. Thank you.
It's one thing to have a lot of people in California
that have a lot of scientific literacy
and engagement talking about the issue.
My family is landlocked and they don't have the same level
of understanding, yet I would
like to engage them on this issue.
Can you direct me to a source that would perhaps be
for the general public explainer of this issue or a way
to engage not necessarily in funding or politically
but with people in your community.
>> First of all kudos to you.
We should all be working in that space,
and it actually was the topic of my talk earlier today to a group
of faculty and students here where I really encourage people
to perhaps find an audience or a group of people that wasn't easy
to talk to and start working on those things.
So I will make, let's see here.
I'm going to make one recommendation right now
but then maybe afterwards you and I could get together
and I'll give you a list of even more.
One of the people that I find really compelling in terms
of communicating this issue is Katherine Hayhoe,
who is a scientist in Texas.
Oh, you already know of her.
But I think, so what she does, what she does a really good job
of is thinking about how to talk about climate change
within the value system of the community
that she's working with.
So she thinks a lot about what is important to this group
of people and how can I connect to people on the basis of values
and trust and feelings about a particular issue.
And that's the bridge that we build, right, to any community.
And she is, you know, has done expertly in her community
and I guess I would encourage you to do the same,
is to think about where is the common ground
that we can start from.
>> Hi. For those of us that aren't scientists or students,
let's say laypeople, is there a recommendation you might have
for a meaningful volunteer activity to help
out with this particular issue.
I mean sometimes you can be on the pedestrian just writing
to elected officials and so forth.
Thanks.
>> Okay. So first of all I don't want to write off the writing
to legislative officials because that's actually really
important, and I was really dying to slip
that in here somewhere.
So I just, I really want to sort of underscore the fact
that if you care about these issues this is a good thing
to call your congresspeople about.
So, yeah, I don't.
But I also think, so in many of our, I'm not sure exactly
where you are, maybe Marin County
or somewhere in the Bay Area.
But most of our regions around here have people who are working
at a local level around climate change resilience,
preparing our community for climate change
and what it will mean including things like sea level rise,
but also locally reducing carbon footprints.
And so I guess I would encourage you to think very local on this
and get involved in a community organization that's tackling
this here within this community.
There also is, I mentioned the climate solutions caucus
earlier, and there is a group.
If you, you know, search
for them online you will find a group of regular citizens
who are basically doing a lot of work on behalf
of getting congresspeople to sign up for that Congress,
I mean for that caucus.
And so I think there are definitely things
that we can do both at the local scale and the federal scale
to encourage action on this.
>> Well, first of all let me congratulate you
on a great lecture.
I do these lectures for the Bay Institute at San Francisco.
I've done fifty-five of them, and this was really outstanding.
>> Thank you.
>> Just want to say that I used to be assistant secretary
for oceans for California.
2006 we got the staffs together with Governor Schwarzenegger
and Governor Kulongoski in Oregon and Governor Gregoire
in Washington to create the West Coast Governors' Agreement
on Ocean Health.
First couple of things we did, we oppose offshore oil
and gas development as an entire West Coast,
which was very powerful.
The next scientific thing was looking at sea-level rise
and doing a kind of a unified analysis
and coordinating collaborative analysis.
I was just so pleased after having been
with the group that started this.
You mentioned also with this issue of ocean acidification
and so forth, that this extension of what was started
in 2006 really appears to be doing something.
So.
>> Yes. Thank you so much for your work on that issue.
I mean, the West Coast Governors' Agreement has been
extremely key in tackling this issue
as a region and has really.
I think the West Coast is perceived as a real leader
on this and many other ocean issues because of work
like you and other people.
>> I came up from Michigan just a few years ago,
and your talk was making me think about whether
or not there are differences between sort
of our inland freshwater seas and the ocean
and if there are any notable differences or if the same sort
of activity is happening.
>> That's a wonderful question.
So lakes are different in this sense.
They have, most, not all lakes, but most lakes don't have
that complex system of multiple different types of carbon
that sort of rests in the water.
They have a more simplistic chemistry system essentially.
Because of that we actually see larger swings
in the chemistry of lakes.
They're actually less buffered, so they're sort
of less moderated by the different types
of carbon compared to sea water.
So for organisms that have been living in lakes, they,
for most lakes, they see a large swings
in the chemistry within a lake.
And so many of those organisms are actually very well adapted
to those conditions.
But I will remind people that we have addressed a problem
like this before with acid rain
which was influencing freshwater systems particularly
in the Northeast, and it was very similar in terms
of the fundamental chemistry behind it.
>> Thank you Tessa.
Will everybody please join me in thanking Tessa Hill
for a wonderful presentation.
Lots of great ideas, action items.
[ Applause ]
I'd also like to recognize our two wonderful students
who are studying science, Karen and [inaudible].
Want to thank all of you for joining us tonight.
Romberg Tiburon Center is also involved in some
of the networking that Tess is working
on with the ocean observing system, we have a buoy going
in soon, as soon as state lands finishes their permitting
with us.
And it's going to measure carbon dioxide in the Bay
and in the waters of the ocean coming in, in the Bay as well.
Discovery day, on April 23rd.
Come celebrate science on the Bay with us.
Lots of fun activities for families from one to five.
And if you would like to continue supporting our work,
petitioners' envelopes.
Thank you [inaudible].
We hope to see you again soon [applause].
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Fantasy 5 winning numbers Nov 7 2017 - Duration: 1:45.
Fantasy 5 8767 winning numbers Nov 7
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