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One of the things that I think I find kind of most remarkable about what

modern physics has to tell us is the very nature of the elementary particles

that make up material substance. Stuff like water for example is made of

molecules H2O. We know that those hydrogen and oxygen atoms are made of

nuclei and electrons. We know the nuclei are in turn composed of protons and

neutrons. In the last 40 or 50 years we learned that protons and neutrons are

themselves not elementary particles - they're actually composites made of up

and down quarks and one of the really interesting aspects of this story, in a

sense, is first of all that the theories don't hang together at all, in

fact they don't even predict particles with mass unless we imagine that there

exists this rather mystical quantum field that spreads throughout space-time

called the Higgs field and the characteristic fluctuation of the Higgs

field is this thing called the Higgs Boson.We know from the discovery at CERN

in Geneva in 2012 that the Higgs Boson really does exist and the purpose of the

Higgs field is to give elementary particles their mass. That in itself

though doesn't explain quite what's going on with the mass of ordinary

substance. Take a proton, two up quarks and a down quark. If we add up the masses of

the individual quarks we get only 1% of the total mass of the proton. Where's the

rest of it? is a, you know, legitimate question and it turns out that we can

actually understand where the rest of that mass is gone - it's present in the

energy of the quantum field of the gluons that help bind the quarks

together inside the proton. Now Einstein's famous equation E=MC

squared was actually never given in his original

1905 paper in quite that form. In fact the equation that he gave was M (mass) is

equal to E divided by C squared. The mass of a body, an object, is a measure of its

energy content and that is the real revelation of Einstein's famous equation.

So the mass of everyone, all substance, is in fact to be found in the energy of

the quantum fields that hold matter together.

For more infomation >> What is 'Mass'? It's Energy. Einstein Was Right. - Duration: 2:50.

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What was the criteria you had to meet to be accepted for HSCT? - Duration: 2:27.

So you said previously that you were not accepted on Lemtrada, so then what was the

criteria you had to meet to be accepted for HSCT?

For this particular trial I still had to be pretty early on in my disease, under ten years,

I believe.

I had to be able to walk a hundred metres, unaided, which, that was a big

experience, because when I initially went in for this treatment I could walk 500 metres,

no problem.

By the time I actually got transplanted, it was touch and go whether I could do a

hundred metres to qualify.

And I had a relapse and they basically said you're out of the trial.

And my sister, my physical therapist sister, she taught me how to walk again, be able to

just get out the hundred metres.

Again, this was all for clinical trial purposes.

In general HSCT is better for younger relapse remitting aggressive

disease, in general.

So then I guess having some support just before you start treatment might actually make a

difference on fulfilling this sort of eligibility criteria, right?

Oh, absolutely.

I mean my MS at the time when I applied, it was about three years after I'd

been diagnosed, and I was in great physical shape.

I mean I knew I was in great physical shape, my legs just didn't work.

And then other things started to come down.

But at the time when I was going into the treatment,

I couldn't have been in much better shape.

I know it sounds weird if you can't walk, but I

still exercised every day as much as I could and my

heart was in great shape, and chemotherapy can really do a number on your heart.