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If you are involved in any way with industrial machinery,

you almost have to have heard of ladder logic.

Since there are almost never ladders involved,

it probably doesn't make a lot of sense that we call it that,

but the reasons for the name are buried in the history of automatic controls.

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At one time, automatic systems were controlled with relays.

Relays are electromechanical devices,

and fail quickly as the mechanical parts wear out

and the electrical parts are destroyed

as the electricity they switch burns away the contacts.

They are big and use lots of electricity,

generating lots of heat in the process.

At one time, the only "automatic" device most people ever encountered was an elevator.

In modern-day control terms,

the elevator is a simple application that is well understood.

Even so, a control system implementation in relays

was a big, complicated affair.

In order to understand why we call it ladder logic,

you need to look at how we document relay logic controls.

The actual "ladder" was the drawing of the control logic,

an illustration of how the relays were wired together.

Even today, a lot of the conventions that led to "ladders" are still in use,

and I will use a recent example drawing to illustrate this.

Here is a simplified drawing of a control circuit.

The appearance is what led to being called ladder logic,

since it superficially resembles a ladder.

Other drawing conventions that survived into the software version include:

Power at the top of the drawing,

with the hot or power rail going down the left side,

and the neutral rail going down the right side.

We also have contacts or inputs on the left,

and coils or outputs on the right,

so that our power is flowing from left to right.

Finally, each of the outputs is on a separate horizontal line

or, in our ladder metaphor, rung.

Another convention is that we always descend the ladder -

we work from top to bottom.

Relays are simple devices,

consisting of coils and the contacts that they move.

When electricity energizes the coil,

it moves the contacts, connecting some and disconnecting others.

The lowest-level elements of ladder logic mimic those relay functions.

Here is an example of the logic from the example drawing I have been using,

rendered in Rockwell Software's Studio5000.

Output contacts on real-life relays are usually called normally open and normally closed.

Normally Open means that when the relay coil is not powered

("normal" for a relay) the contact is open, or not conducting.

Normally closed is the opposite -

when the relay coil is off,

the contact is on or conducting.

So here is our software representation of a "normally open" contact.

The drawing symbol and the symbol in the software are pretty much the same.

Normally closed contacts are also very similar,

just a representation of two separated contacts.

Finally, the relay coil - not quite a full circle like the drawing,

but close enough to get the point across.

For the things we have described so far to be useful,

they have to make other things happen.

For instance, if the machine is ready to run

and we push the auto start button,

we want the machine to start continuously running until we push the auto stop button.

Here is our English sentence written in ladder logic.

Let's take that picture apart.

And look at the English with it.

If the machine is ready to run - we have a contact called

"ReadyToRun" - AND we push the Auto Start button -

"AutoStart" contact, with the two contacts in series so that if both of them are on,

then we energize the "AutoRunning" coil.

When we energize the AutoRunning coil,

that also energizes the AutoRunning contact,

which keeps the AutoRunning coil energized -

"continuously cycling" – until we push the AutoStop button.

Since that is a normally closed contact,

when we push the button, it STOPS conducting,

which de-energizes the coil.

The circuit we just drew in ladder logic,

and the one that we could have drawn on paper,

is in thousands of motor starter panels all over the world.

They add stuff to it, but the basic circuit and meaning are the same -

push the start button, the motor runs until you push the stop button.

Welcome to real world ladder logic.

Since the real world is more complicated than just on and off,

we need some more complicated functions to deal with it.

One of these was in the original drawing I started this off with,

and I wanted to come back and cover it.

One of the most common functions other than on and off

is a time delay, something that waits a specified period of time before turning on or off.

We had one in this drawing, although its output isn't specified.

We call these timing relays when we use them in a circuit like this drawing.

In the ladder logic program, we must specify all the different needs for a timer.

In our Allen Bradley ladder logic,

we have an on-delay timer which is labeled TON,

The amount of time it delays is specified in milliseconds,

so the half-second timer in our example becomes 500 milliseconds.

These sorts of more complex functions are what we call function blocks in ladder logic programming.

The functions contained in these blocks and how they operate very between PLC manufacturers,

and even within a given manufacturer's PLCs, they may differ.

So, this ends our introduction to the history of ladder logic,

and how it got its name.

As the history of these systems recedes further in the rearview mirror,

is always helpful to look back and see where we have been.

Make sure that you head over to realpars.com.

To find even more training material for all of your PLC Programing needs.

We offer many videos to assist you in learning PLC Programing

and landing that job in a high-paying,

highly thought after field of automation and controls engineering.

Go to realpars.com and subscribe to our highly effective training series now!

For more infomation >> What is Ladder Logic? - Duration: 8:19.

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What If Nyarlathotep Was Real? - Duration: 6:59.

Hello and welcome back to Life's Biggest Questions, I'm Ron McKenzie-Lefurgey.

Yes, it's time for yet another entry to our Cthulhu series, this time focusing on

one of the most popular entities in the entire mythos: Nyarlathotep.

Nyarlathotep, The Crawling Chaos, is the incredibly powerful malign deity found in the Cthulhu

mythos, who wanders the Earth using a wide variety of masks or avatars.

He was created by Lovecraft after he had one of the most horrible and realistic dreams

of his life.

But what if this was not a fictional creature, inspired by the dreams of the disturbed Lovecraft,

but actually existed?

Let's explore.

If you want more What If videos, check out our "Biggest What Ifs" playlist on the

channel.

Now get ready, it's time to ask the question: What if Nyarlothotep was Real?

As with other videos in this series, this video will assume that Nyarlathotep is the

only Lovecraftian entity that exists.

For the purposes of this video, the other Gods and Old Ones, as well as his minions,

do not exist.

Furthermore, as with many Lovecraftian horrors, the name of Nyarlathotep has a number of pronunciations.

The most realistic one I've found is this one, by Leeman Kessler of Ask Lovecraft.

https://youtu.be/BV_1P4YYczU?t=10 (hopefully that's usable, it's super quick).

(If not useable: The Closest pronunciation I've been able to find is Nyar-lat-ho-tep.)

However, I'll be saying the name a lot, and that's way too hard to say, so I'll

just Anglicize the hell out of it, and say Nyarlothotep.

That way, it reflects some of the Egyptian origin of the name, since Hotep is an Egyptian

word meaning "To Be at Peace".

With that out of the way, let's hop in.

Nyarlothotep is quite different from other Lovecraftian horrors.

While most beings in the Mythos speak an ancient, incomprehensible language, Nyarlathotep is

able to communicate in any human language.

Also, following the great war, most of Cthulhu's kind were exiled, with most Elder Gods exiled

to the stars, like Yog-Sothoth, and many Great Old Ones slumbering beneath the ground, like

Cthulhu or Ythogtha.

Nyarlathotep, on the other hand, is not trapped, and is best known for his propensity to walk

the Earth under a number of guises, and influence humanity in a number of ways.

For example, when he emerged from Egypt, he was said to be a tall, swarthy man of the

old native blood, looking like a Pharaoh.

This is how he is typically described, but it is far from the only way he's appeared.

For example, when he appeared in China, he took on the appearance of a morbidly obese

woman, with five mouths, and many tentacles, referred to as the Bloated Woman.

He has been seen as complicated machinery, referred to as The Tick-Tock Man, when engaging

with technologically advanced civilizations.

More recently, he took on the appearance of an African American pimp in Los Angeles, going

by the name Mr. Skin.

This is to say that you really never know how Nyarlathotep will appear, until it's too

late.

Nyarlathotep is often depicted as the Messenger of the Outer Gods, acting as a servant of

Azathoth, or, as some believe, an avatar for Azathoth himself.

In terms of actual power, Nyarlathotep is one of the most widely-debated beings in the

mythos.

Some believe him to be second only to Azathoth, while others consider him a mere lackey.

Sadly, the stories are vague enough that it's difficult to say for sure how powerful he

is.

However, he is highly gifted at gaining followers.

He's able to force others to worship him, as was seen when the fellahin, Egyptian peasants,

knelt before him, even though they didn't know why they were doing it.

He then went on to roam the Earth, using magical devices to force unwilling humans to follow

him.

This was done with the help of amazing, seemingly magical instruments, as he drew people in

with the spectacle.

This was all inspired by a nightmare Lovecraft had, and many believe the character may have

been partially based on Nicola Tesla, who used similar amazing instruments to baffle

and transfix crowds.

But what if this Outer God was not spawned in a dream, but actually existed?

Frankly, if we're describing a tall, thin man, who's excellent with technology, great

at drawing supporters, and quick to anger, a certain someone comes to mind… https://bit.ly/2A9u5so.

Of course, Elon Musk almost certainly is not an avatar for an Outer God, but there is a

good chance that Nyarlathotep would take on a similar form if he was to appear in the

modern day.

But what exactly would happen if this was the case?

Well, that would depend on his goals.

In literature, he has acted in a wide variety of ways.

Sometimes he seems intent on enslaving all of humanity.

Sometimes he is simply acting as a messenger.

And sometimes, he actually helps us, with some reports claiming that he aided us in

moving forward technologically.

Since this video will assume that there are no other Outer Gods for whom Nyarlathotep

would be a messenger, let's focus on his other aims.

Unfortunately, if Nyarlathotep wished to enslave humanity, it's likely that there wouldn't

really be much we could do about it.

Based on the literature, Nyarlathotep seems to be pretty unstoppable.

Not only does he possess immense power, but he is also believed to be highly intelligent

and cunning.

It's likely that any attempt to stop him would be for naught, and humanity would likely

be enslaved, and forced to worship him.

As was seen in the prose poem, Nyarlathotep by H.P.

Lovecraft, his unwilling followers would be unable to resist the call of the Outer God.

Even the most headstrong and stubborn would stand no chance against the irresistable will

of the entity.

Of course, it would take time for him to take control of everyone on Earth, but with his

immense power, combined with his ability to change his form, it would be just about impossible

to stop him.

When reports of a man wandering the Earth, enslaving humans were confirmed, it's possible

that people would turn to suicide, in order to avoid becoming a slave.

Many would, of course, try to hide away and avoid the Outer God, but most people would

either end up dead, or enslaved.

Nyarlathotep would become the new God of the world, although he might be better seen as

a devil.

He would force us to work for him, and reshape the world as he deems fit.

He might even subject humanity to gruesome experiments, both in the pursuit of knowledge,

and to bask in our suffering.

Certain humans might gain his favour, and become empowered, perhaps even becoming his

four horsemen, but for the majority of humanity, this would likely go badly.

However, it's possible that being led by Nyarlathotep would not be the worst thing

in the world.

If he was happy at the top, it's possible that he would use humans to create an amazing

world of technology.

Sadly, we might not actually be able to enjoy it, since his slaves tend to go rather mad,

but if he eventually released his grasp on the human race, we might be able to enjoy

a world of technology and wonder, and might even venture off into space.

Perhaps we would come to accept him as our God, and would become willing followers, allowing

us to retain our sentience, while working to serve his goals.

On the other hand, it's possible that he would not wish to be the great leader of Earth,

but would prefer to send it into ruins.

In this case, he might manipulate things such that two factions of humans were created,

both worshipping a different avatar.

He would make it so that we destroyed each other, using all weaponry available, including

nuclear weapons, as he watched in glee.

Given his love of madness and death, this would be the best of both worlds for him.

And now we return to our question: What if Nyarlathotep was Real?

Well, without other Gods to serve, he would likely try to take the helm by himself.

He would wander the Earth, enslaving the human race with the help of his magical instruments,

bringing us all under his control.

Some might die in struggles, or to avoid becoming a mindless slave, but most would likely fall

prey to his enchanting ways.

This could be the end of humanity, but it could also lead us to great technological

progress, and eventually we might come to accept Nyarlathotep as our leader, thanks

to some strange Eldritch Stockholm Syndrome.

On the other hand, he may realize that leading is just not his bag, and might use his great

influence to cause humanity to destroy itself.

Although frankly, the way things are looking politically, that might not be a huge change

to our trajectory.

Thank you for watching Life's Biggest Questions, I hope this was interesting and informative,

and maybe even inspired you to look into it further on your own.

If you liked this video, please thumbs up and subscribe to the channel down below.

While you're down there, let me know what other lists you'd like to see.

This will, sadly, be my last Cthulhu video for the channel, as I am off to law school.

However, if there is more interest, the other hosts will be more than happy to take the

series into their very capable hands.

Until next time, if there is a next time, I'm Ron McKenzie-Lefurgey with Life's

Biggest Questions, wishing you the best of luck, on your quest for answers.

For more infomation >> What If Nyarlathotep Was Real? - Duration: 6:59.

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Rosamund Pike Says She Was Asked to 'Drop' Her Dress During Audition for Die Another Day - News Toda - Duration: 2:43.

 Before earning an Oscar nomination for Gone Girl, Rosamund Pike says she endured a less than comfortable experience while trying to break into Hollywood

 "My first audition was for a Bond film and I remember them saying I was to drop my dress and appear in my underwear," Pike, 39, recently recalled to Amazon's Audible Sessions, as reported by The Independent

 The actress, who was 21 at the time, would go on the win the role of Miranda Frost in the 2002 James Bond movie Die Another Day

During her audition, however, she said she didn't do what was asked of her.  "On the day, I don't know how I got the resolve and strength of mind, but I just thought if they're gonna see me in my underwear, they better give me the job

 So, I thought, 'There's no way I'm going to take off a dress in the audition for this tape to be sent around Los Angeles and to be judged on that

'"  Pike told the podcast that she arrived at the audition in a dress her grandmother gave her

Instead, a costume designer on the film suggested she wear something else to bag the part

 "He said, 'That's a very beautiful dress, but in Bond films we wear things a little more like this,' and he held up three pieces of string and I realized I was way out of my depth," she recalled

 "So, I put on this shimmering sheath, or whatever the order of the day was, but I didn't drop it

"  Despite her reservations while trying out for the film, Pike said "there wasn't an ounce of feeling uncomfortable while I was on that set

"  "I look back over my experience on the Bond film and think, my goodness [producer] Barbara Broccoli was way ahead of all this #MeToo movement," she said

For more infomation >> Rosamund Pike Says She Was Asked to 'Drop' Her Dress During Audition for Die Another Day - News Toda - Duration: 2:43.

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What Is Scientific Temper? What is the Scientific Method? - Duration: 30:46.

For more infomation >> What Is Scientific Temper? What is the Scientific Method? - Duration: 30:46.

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What is Sensory Concerts? - Duration: 2:28.

- Hi, my name is Grace Kim, creator of Sensory Concerts.

As a concert pianist,

I traveled all around the world performing

in all sorts of situations,

from little

villages

to castles of royalties

to outback Australia.

I'm a mother of two beautiful boys,

and my oldest is diagnosed with high-functioning autism,

also known as Asperger's syndrome.

And since then, I have discovered a whole world

where people think and see the world differently.

And with my personal journey,

through supporting my son,

with occupational therapy, speech therapy,

and child psychologist, I have discovered

that I could not take my children

to a high quality classical music concert

due to not only them being just children in general,

but due to the sensory overload

or sensory processing disorder, which I never knew existed.

So going through this personal journey with my son

and meeting other people, I realized

that there is a gap

in the traditional model of classical concert,

and I thought, "How 'bout we try to create a space

"where everyone can feel comfortable

"but not compromising on the quality of the music?"

So the idea just came from that.

I hope that you don't think that this is only

for people with sensory needs.

It is inclusive environment where people

with sensory needs can also access high quality music.

It is actually concerts for everybody,

and the quality is of the same quality that you get

from the opera house or any concert venues

since my colleagues are

all internationally acclaimed musicians.

So I hope you can join us and discover for yourself.

For more infomation >> What is Sensory Concerts? - Duration: 2:28.

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Aretha Franklin Died of Advanced Neuroendocrine Pancreatic Cancer — What Is It? - News Today - Duration: 6:11.

 Queen of Soul Aretha Franklin died today at age 76, her publicist confirmed to PEOPLE, after years of health troubles

PEOPLE reported Monday that Franklin's health had declined and that her death was "imminent

"  Rumors had long swirled around Franklin's health. In 2011, reports surfaced that she had undergone mysterious surgery, possibly for weight loss or for pancreatic cancer, PEOPLE reported at the time

Franklin dismissed these reports, saying, "It's really not necessary to talk about one's personal medical [health]

"  Her publicist confirmed in a statement, however, that Franklin was indeed facing pancreatic cancer, at least in her later years

"Franklin's official cause of death was due to advance pancreatic cancer of the neuroendocrine type, which was confirmed by Franklin's oncologist, Dr

Philip Phillips of Karmanos Cancer Institute in Detroit," the publicist's statement obtained by PEOPLE read

 Pancreatic cancer starts in cells in the pancreas, a roughly six-inch gland in the abdomen that plays a role in digestion and blood sugar regulation

"Pancreatic cancer can be defined as two types of tumors," explains Victoria Rutson Manax, MD, chief medical officer at the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network (PanCAN)

 Most cases of pancreatic cancer involve the exocrine cells, the cells in the pancreas that make digestive enzymes

A much smaller percentage of pancreatic cancer — approximately 6 percent, Dr. Manax says — involve endocrine cells, which make hormones like insulin

Franklin is reported to have had a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (sometimes also called an islet cell tumor) or PNET

"PNETs have different characteristics, and there are different types of tumors," Dr

Manax says.  Pancreatic cancer tends to spread rapidly. "It is one of the world's toughest cancers," Dr

Manax says, with an overall five-year survival rate of just 9 percent. Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, however, are thought to progress more slowly than exocrine tumors

Still, pancreatic cancers are rarely caught in early stages. There are no screening tests, and symptoms can be vague (like bloating) and may not occur until pancreatic cancer is more advanced

 When symptoms do appear, they can include abdominal pain that moves into the back, loss of appetite, unexplained weight loss, diabetes, fatigue, depression, and blood clots, according to the Mayo Clinic

 Because PNETs affect hormone-producing cells, they can cause "irregularity of hormones," Dr

Manax says, which can lead to a wide range of symptoms. But other types of PNETs don't make extra hormones and therefore may not cause any symptoms until the tumor grows, according to the National Cancer Institute

Franklin's particular type of PNET has not been disclosed.  In general, people with diabetes, pancreatitis (chronic inflammation of the pancreas), or a family history of pancreatic cancer are at higher risk for the disease

People who are obese, over 65, and who smoke are also at elevated risk for pancreatic cancer, according to the Mayo Clinic

 Pancreatic cancer is diagnosed using physical exams; imaging tests like MRIs, CT scans, and ultrasounds; blood tests; and in some cases, biopsy

After a diagnosis, surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are common treatments

"One of the biggest differences between exocrine tumors and neuroendocrine tumors is the treatment," Dr

Manax says. "For NETs, there are targeted therapies and hormonal treatments," she says

 All types of pancreatic cancer are classified by doctors into four stages, with four being the most advanced

While Franklin's stage has not been disclosed, calling it "advanced" likely means it had spread, Dr

Manax hypothesizes. A stage 4 PNET can be any size and may or may not have grown outside of the pancreas or spread to nearby lymph nodes, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS)

At this stage, the cancer has also spread to other parts of the body.  Because this type of pancreatic cancer is often less aggressive, it has a slightly higher survival rate; a person with a stage 4 pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor has about a 16 percent chance of surviving for five years if they've been treated with surgery, the ACS reports, although there may still be treatment options available to these patients

 While Franklin was unmatched in musical prowess, Dr. Manax points out that she's part of a disturbing trend in the pancreatic cancer world

"In the African-American community we have seen an increased risk and incidence of pancreatic cancer," she says

Pancreatic cancer among African Americans is up to 60 percent more common than among other groups, she says, and this group also has a slightly lower overall five-year survival rate at just 8 percent

"That's something scientists are studying to better understand that [disparity]," she says

 Healthy Living newsletter  Neuroendocrine tumors can actually grow anywhere in the body and can be malignant (cancerous) or benign

In March, Bollywood actor Irrfan Khan revealed in March that he was diagnosed with this type of tumor, and later revealed it was cancerous

 Quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and eating a balanced diet may help reduce your risk of pancreatic cancer, according to the Mayo Clinic

If you or someone you know are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, PanCAN operates a patient services hotline that can help at 877-2-PANCAN

For more infomation >> Aretha Franklin Died of Advanced Neuroendocrine Pancreatic Cancer — What Is It? - News Today - Duration: 6:11.

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Son of 2 Boston Cops Teaches NFL Players What To Do When the Anthem Plays - Duration: 3:03.

For more infomation >> Son of 2 Boston Cops Teaches NFL Players What To Do When the Anthem Plays - Duration: 3:03.

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Who is Joshua Dasilva? Brentford's latest recruit from Arsenal who was moulded by Thierry Henry - Duration: 4:32.

Brentford have signed Joshua Dasilva on a four-year deal after the 19-year-old chose to leave his boyhood club over the summer, rejecting the chance of a new deal at the Emirates

He was in their academy since the age of eight, turning professional before the start of last season and featured heavily in the U23s Premier League 2 campaign last year

Dasilva spent most of his time in the Arsenal academy playing as a striker buy has been used on the wing in recent seasons

And he has seen first team action at Arsenal, including in the Europa League.But is he any good? football.london Arsenal correspondent, Charles Watts, gives us the lowdown on the latest recruit in TW8

What is his back story?. Dasilva has been with Arsenal since he was eight years old

He graduated through the Hale End academy before progressing through the youth sides, making his breakthrough with the Under-21s towards the end of the 2015/16 season

What sort of player is he?. A highly technical player, Dasilva loves to run with the ball at his feet

He has excellent technique and is often the creative spark in the side. He has impressive close control and is well known for his keen eye for a pass

Where does he play?. Dasilva spent most of his time in the Arsenal academy playing as a striker

But last season he was converted into a midfielder and was used in a number of positions, including on either flank and in the No.10 role

Then this season he was brought off the bench by Arsene Wenger against Doncaster in the League Cup and played as part of the back three

What did Thierry Henry have to do with that?.A lot - Dasilva says Henry played a major role in his transformation from a striker into a midfielder

Henry was the Arsenal Under-18s coach at the time and worked closely with the youngster

I'm thankful that Thierry Henry spent a lot of time working with me," said Dasilva

"He explained I had to concentrate on getting the basics right, like tackling, passing and positioning and then my natural style will come out

Has he ever played in the first-team before?.Yes, he made his senior debut coming off the bench against Doncaster in the League Cup earlier this season

Dasilva was introduced at half-time of the third round tie, replacing the injured Calum Chambers in defence

What's been said about the move?.Dean Smith said: "Josh is a player who fits Brentford really well

He has huge potential, is an excellent footballer with a great personality and wants to continue his development by working hard every day

"We liked what we saw and feel that we can help Josh to develop and in turn he will help our squad improve

Meanwhile, Phil Giles, Brentford FC Co-Director of Football, added: "Josh elected not to sign the new contract offered to him by Arsenal, which shows he is understands the importance of starting to play regular First Team football

"It is great that Brentford now has a reputation for being able to offer that to the best young players and that they are keen to join us

It also helps that we play football in a way that Josh will be used to from his upbringing at Arsenal

We look forward to watching him develop over the coming seasons.